A Comparison of Because I Could Not Stop For Death and Up-hill

It is quite peculiar that there are people who are not afraid of dying or death. Admittedly, most of us are either too afraid to face death or death itself. However, there are exceptions to the rule; and notably, Emily Dickinson and Cristina Rossetti are just some of the people who lovingly welcome the idea. Since both are also poets, they were able to portray their ideas regarding the matter through poems.In Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death†, she used a technique of remembering imagery of/from the past to elucidate never-ending conceptions; and this; she was able to do through establishing a dialectical relationship between one’s imagination and reality. In her poem, she suggested the subject of interconnection and the reciprocally determined personalities of the known and unknown through viewing the particular correlations between the two holistically and hierarchically.Moreover, she talks about death and eternity. And from the perspec tive of eternity, she remembered experiences that happened so long time ago and from those recollections, she endeavors the eternal world through its rapport with sequential standards.For Dickinson, Death is a kind and comforting gentleman and she adds positive subtexts about it. In this particular poem, Dickinson eternally combines and increasingly orders the temporal world with divine universe. She was able to dialectically shape some sense from the confines of life; thus permitting her readers to have a temporary glance to a universe which have an outwardly different and sporadic stages of existence that at the same time is holistically purposed and drawn in (Dickinson).Meanwhile, Cristina Rossetti also flirted with the same topic on her poem â€Å"Uphill†. In this poem, she talks about the never-ending struggles that we have to endure in life. She successfully achieved it by comparing life to an extensive and hard journey uphill—coated with lots of metaphor that is obvious all throughout the poem.Obviously, the poem is about a traveler inquiring another traveler about the whole journey. Furthermore, the poem is constructed in such a way that Traveler 1 will ask a question and Traveler 2 will answer him back and this goes on until the end of the poem. But yet, if we examine the poem closely, it is more than that.There is so much symbolism and allegory in the poem. In this poem, symbolism inspired Rossetti to write—there are overflowing concealed meanings through the use of allegory. Through closer examination, allegory is fabricated in the course of the entire poem rather then just having it within two lines or so.Nevertheless, the main theme that Rossetti wants to impart to her readers is that no matter how long or hard a journey one may encounter, there will be Someone who will never let you go (in this case, God) and that one cannot miss heaven. Since she is devout Anglican, her poems are at the same time about the idea of Death and religion. This particular poem talks about that topic in a sorrowful and death-obsessed manner (Rossetti).Both authors and poems reiterate the concept of death. In these two particular examples, the difference is how the authors created and styled their poems in different manners. Emily Dickinson used metaphors to convey her message while Christina Rossetti used allegory in her poems. This only shows that both are gifted authors.But more important than that is the fact that no matter how many people view death as a gruesome loss, there will always be people who are courageous enough to accept it and welcome it with open arms—and these two poets are exception to that.Works Cited: Dickinson, Emily. â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death.† March 2, 2008   . Rossetti, Christina. â€Å"Uphill.† March 2, 2008

Dc Power Supply Design

Abstract: The main aim of this assignment is to design a pre amplifier circuit with an NPN transistor to be used in a simple public address (PA) system. The pre amplifier is fed from a microphone that produces an average output voltage of 10 mV rms. The amplifier is to operate over a frequency range of 300 Hz to 5 kHz and should have an adjustable volume control. The expected gain of the amplifier is 100.First we are going to design an amplifier for given specifications, model the operation of the circuit using h-parameter and r-parameter model, use computer aided design software to analyze the circuit performance and demonstrate the working of the circuit by hardware implementation. Then, we will plot the frequency response of the circuit and analyze the effect of the emitter bypass capacitor. Finally we will compare the mid-band gain, bandwidth and lower cutoff frequency obtained from the simulation result and the hardware implementation with the designed values. Chapter 1Introduct ion: Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is a three terminal device with three regions (Emitter, Base and Collector) and two PN junctions (Emitter-Base junction and Base-Collector junction). Since there are two junctions that means there are four possible ways of biasing a transistor. If both junctions are forward biased then the transistor will operate in the saturation region. If both junctions are reverse biased then the transistor will operate in the cut of region. These two conditions of operation are used when the transistor is needed to work as a switch.To use a transistor as an amplifier, the emitter base junction should be forward biased and the collector base junction should be reverse biased. Amplifier is an electronic circuit that can amplify signals applied to its input terminal. If an AC signal is given to a transistor amplifier it will produce an AC base current. This AC base current will produce a much larger AC collector current since IC=? IB. The AC collector current produces an AC voltage across the load resistor RL, thus producing an amplified, but inverted, reproduction of the AC input voltage in the active region of operations.DC load line is a sloping straight line connecting all the operating points of a transistor biasing drawn on the output characteristics of the transistor and the intersection point gives the Quiescent point (Q-point). A prober Q-point should be in the middle of the DC load line. Selecting a good Q-point prevents the transistor from going into the cutoff or the saturation region and gives more stability. A fixed bias (i. e. base bias) circuit or a voltage divider bias circuit can be used for this assignment but a voltage divider circuit is more efficient.The main disadvantage in a fixed bias circuit is that ? ac depends on temperature, which means ? ac is not stable. And when ? ac changes, IC will change(IC=? IB) and VCE will change. The changes in IC and VCE make the Q-point unstable. Whereas in voltage divider bias c ircuit, IC is independent of ? ac and hence the Q-point is more stable. Voltage divider bias is widely used because reasonably good stability reached with a single power supply. Chapter 2 Problem Description: The problem is to design and fabricate a pre amplifier circuit with an NPN transistor to be used in a simple public address (PA) system.The input of the pre amplifier circuit is taken from a microphone that produces an average output voltage of 10 mV rms. The amplifier is to operate over a frequency range of 300 Hz to 5 kHz. Also, it should have an adjustable volume control. The expected voltage gain of the amplifier is 100. Design Specifications: Voltage gain = 100 Lower cut off frequency = 300Hz Vin = 10mV (rms) RL = 10k? DC power supply = 10V to 15V Type of transistor – NPN We will begin our assignment by selecting a suitable transistor. Then we will decide on a DC voltage supply and assume a prober Q-point (IC, VCE) to carry out the design.We will start the design by calculating the values of Resistors RC and RE and the voltage divider resistors R1 and R2. After that we will calculate the values of the two coupling capacitors (C1 and C2) and the emitter bypass capacitor (CE) for the required cut off frequency. After finishing the mathematical model we will simulate the circuit using OrCAD to analyze the circuit performance. Then, after finishing the simulation, we will assemble the circuit using approximate values of the calculated ones. Finally, we will compare the simulation results with the hardware results.The results we will be focusing on are the voltage gain, the cutoff frequency and the Bandwidth. Chapter 3 Circuit Diagram and Design: Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Figure 1 – Circuit Diagram Step1 – Selection of Transistor, Supply Voltage (VCC) and Collector Current (IC): The selected transistor should have a minimum current gain (? ) that is equal to or greater than the desired voltage gain. Therefore, we will us e Q2N2222 in this assignment. Since the output voltage swing is not specified in this assignment, we will choose 12V as our voltage supply. We will choose IC as 4 mA. Transistor: Q2N2222Supply Voltage: VCC = 12 V Collector Current: IC = 4 mA * To carry out the design we need to draw the dc equivalent circuit. Figure 2 – DC Equivalent Circuit Step2 – Design of Collector Resistor (RC) and Emitter Resistor (RE): VCE = 50% VCC = 50% ? 12 = 6 V VE = 10% VCC = 10% ? 12 = 1. 2 V VRC = VCC – VE – VCE = 12 – 6 – 1. 2 = 4. 8 V RC = VRCIC = 4. 8 V4 mA = 1. 2 k? RE = VEIE = VEIC = 1. 2 V4 mA = 300 ? , since IC ? IE Step3 – Design of Voltage Divider R1 and R2: ? = 100 (data sheet) R2 = ? RE10= 100? 30010 = 3 k? VB = VBE + VE = 0. 7 + 1. 2 = 1. 9 V VB = VCCR2R1+R2 R1 = VCCR2VB+R2 = 100? 3k1. +3k = 16 k? * Now we need to draw the ac equivalent circuit. Figure 3 – AC Equivalent Circuit Step4 – Design of RE1 and RE2: RE = RE1 + RE2 Rout = Rc || RL = 1. 2? 101. 2+10= 1 k? r'e = 26mIE = 26mIC = 6. 5 ? AV = Routr'e+RE1 r'e+RE1= RoutAv = 1k100 = 10 ? RE1 =10 – r'e = 10 – 6. 5 = 3. 5 ? RE2 = RE – RE1 = 300 – 3. 5 = 296. 5 ? Step5 – Design of Coupling Capacitors C1 and C2: hie = Rin (base) = ? (r'e+RE1) = 100 ? (3. 5 + 6. 5) = 1 k? Rin (tot) = R1 || R2 || Rin (base) = 1116+13+11 = 716. 4 ? XC1 = Rin(tot)10 = 716. 410 = 71. 64 ? C1 = 12? fLXC1 = 12 300? 71. 64 = 7. 4  µF XC2 = RC + RL = 1. 2 + 10 = 11. k? C2 = 12? fLXC2 = 12 300? 11200 = 47. 4 nF Step6 – Design of Bypass Capacitor CE: R’S = R1 || R2 = 16. 09? 316. 09+3 = 2. 5 k? Re = RE2 ||{ R’S ? + (r'e+RE1)} = 296. 5 ||{ 2500 100+ (6. 5+3. 5)} = 296. 5? 35296. 5+35 = 31. 3 ? XCE = Re10 = 31. 310 = 3. 13 ? CE = 12? fLXCE = 12 300? 3. 13 = 169. 5  µF Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Figure 4 – Circuit Diagram with values Simulation Results: With CE: Mid-band gain, AV = 99. 8 Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 334 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 20. 6 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 20. 6 M – 334 = 20. 6 MHz Without CE: Mid-band gain, AV = 3. 5Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 305 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 46 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 46 M – 305 = 46 MHz (Circuit Diagram and Frequency Response are enclosed along with this report) Chapter 4 Hardware Fabrication and Testing Details: During circuit assembling process we tried to find the nearest values to the calculated ones. These are the values we used: RC = 1. 2 k? we selected1. 2 k? RE1 = 3. 5 ? we selected4. 5 ? RE2 = 296. 5 ? we selected270 ? R1 = 16 k? we selected15 k? R2 = 3 k? we selected2. 2 k? C1 = 7. 4  µF we selected10  µF C2 = 47. 4 nF we selected47 nF CE = 169. 5  µF we selected147  µF Procedure: . Assembled the circuit on a breadboard and connected a DC power supply of 12V. 2. Applied a sine wave of 10 mV amplitude and 100 Hz frequency to the input. 3. Observed the output waveform in the CRO and noted down the amplitude. 4. Increased the input signal frequency in steps, without changing its amplitude, and noted down the output amplitude at each step. 5. Calculated the voltage gain of the amplifier by the equation, AV = Vout/Vin found the voltage gain in dB by the equation, AV (dB) = 10 log (AV). 6. Plotted the frequency response curve and found the frequencies (fL and fH) for which the gain reaches 0. 07 of mid band gain. 7. Found the frequency range between fL and fH which gives the bandwidth of the amplifier. Hardware Results: With CE: Frequency (Hz)| Vout (mV)| AV| AV (dB)| log f| 100| 182| 18. 2| 25. 20| 2. 0| 500| 662| 66. 2| 36. 42| 2. 7| 1 k| 750| 75. 0| 37. 50| 3. 0| 5 k| 784| 78. 4| 37. 89| 3. 7| 10 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 4. 0| 50 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 4. 7| 100 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 5. 0| 500 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 5. 7| 1 M| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 6. 0| 2 M| 784| 78. 4| 37. 89| 6. 3| 5 M| 770| 77. 0| 37. 73| 6. 7| 10 M| 728| 72. 8| 37. 24| 7. 0| 50 M| 344| 34. 4| 30. 73| 7. 7| 100 M| 182| 18. 2| 25. 0| 8. 0| Mid-band gain, AV = 78. 6 Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 2. 6 B = 398 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 7. 35 B = 17. 78 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 17. 78 M – 398 = 17. 78 MHz Without CE: Frequency (Hz)| Vout (mV)| AV| AV (dB)| log f| 100| 12| 1. 2| 1. 58| 2. 0| 500| 32| 3. 2| 10. 10| 2. 7| 1 k| 36| 3. 6| 11. 13| 3. 0| 5 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 3. 7| 10 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 4. 0| 50 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 4. 7| 100 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 5. 0| 500 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 5. 7| 1 M| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 6. 0| 2 M| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 6. 3| 5 M| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 6. 7| 10 M| 36| 3. 6| 11. 13| 7. 0| 50 M| 26| 2. 6| 8. 0| 7. 7| 100 M| 18| 1. 8| 5. 10| 8. 0| Mid-band gain, AV = 78. 6 Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 2. 55 B = 356 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 7. 6 B = 39. 81 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 39. 81 M – 356 = 39. 81 MHz (Frequency responses of the circuit with and without CE are enclosed along with this report) (Frequency responses of the circuit with and without CE are enclosed along with this report) Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion: * First of all, there are several ways and various methods to design a common emitter amplifier or so-called RC coupled amplifier that are completely different than the one we used.We did not choose this method because it is the best method, actually, there is no such a thing called the best method. There are simple ways and there are more accurate ways. It depends on the primary assumptions, the design specifications and the thumb rules used. Simply, the method we used achieved the design requirements and accomplished desired results. * An Amplifier is a circuit that is capable of amplifying signals applied to its input terminal. The main component in any amplifier circuit is usually a transistor.Since the transistor configuration we used is a common emitter configuration, the circuit is called a Common Emitter Amplifier. Unlike other configurat ions, CE amplifier exhibit high voltage gain and high current gain. Generally, the process of a common emitter amplifier can be explained in three steps. First, the AC input signal produces an AC base current. Then, This AC base current will produce a much larger AC collector current since IC=? IB. After that, The AC collector current produces an AC voltage across the load resistor RL, thus producing an amplified, but inverted, reproduction of the AC input voltage. To use a transistor as an amplifier it should be operated in the active region (linear region). To set a transistor in the active region both junctions, Emitter-Base junction and Base-Collector junction, should be forward biased. Since changes in in temperature and other factors during the amplification process may drive the transistor into the cutoff or the saturation region, the Q-point should be in the middle of the active region to enhance the stability of the amplifier. * We preferred using a voltage divider bias cir cuit over other biasing circuits because in this kind of biasing circuits, IC is independent of ? nd therefore the Q-point is more stable. Voltage divider bias circuit is widely used because of the good stability reached with a single power supply. * C1 and C2 are called coupling capacitors. They pass ac from one side to another and block dc from appearing at the output side. In addition to that, C1 act as a high pass filter on the input signal and its value must be chosen so that it does not attenuate the frequencies which are to be amplified. Similarly, C2 also must be prevented from attenuating the output signal. * The bypass capacitor CE provides an effective short to the ac signal round the emitter resistor RE2, thus keeping only RE1 seen by the ac signal between the emitter and ground. Therefore, with the bypass capacitor, the gain of the amplifier is maximum and equal to AV=Routr'e+RE1 . Without the bypass capacitor, both RE1 and RE2 are seen by the ac signal between the emit ter and ground and effectively add to r'e in the voltage gain formula. Hence, AV=Routr'e+RE1+RE2 . * r'e is a dynamic resistor that depends on temperature. If AV was dependent only on r'e, and RE1 was not there (i. e. AV=Routr'e ), AV will be unstable over changes in temperature because when r'e increases, the gain decreases and vice versa.In order to minimize the effect of r'e without reducing the voltage gain to its minimum value we partially bypassed the total emitter resistance RE. This is known as swamping which is a compromise between having a bypass capacitor across RE and not having a bypass capacitor at all. RE1 should be at least ten times greater than r'e to minimize the effect of it. In our design RE1 is less than r'e and hence it will not do anything other than slightly reducing the gain to be about 100. In other words, in our design RE1 is somehow useless. * At lower frequencies, a capacitor will act as an open circuit.At higher frequencies, a capacitor will act as a s hort circuit. That is because the capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to the frequency (XC=1/2? fC). In an RC coupled amplifier circuits, at lower frequencies, more voltage drops across C1 and C2 because their reactance is very high. This higher signal voltage drop reduces the voltage gain of the amplifier. Similarly, at lower frequencies, the reactance of the bypass capacitor (CE) increases and this reactance in parallel with RE1 create an impedance that reduces the voltage gain.This is why RC coupled amplifier circuits have less voltage gain at lower frequencies than they have at higher frequencies. However, at higher frequencies, the reactance of the internal transistor junction capacitance goes down and when it becomes small enough, a portion of the output signal voltage is fed back out of phase with the input, thus effectively reducing the voltage gain. * Our hardware implementation results and simulation results were different. Obviously, that is because we did not find the exact values for our design. There was a notable difference between the design values and the values we have selected, especially for R2.The cutoff frequency (fL=398 Hz) is somehow acceptable but the mid band gain (AV=78. 6) is a little bit less than the desired one. Increasing the value of R2 could have solved the problem. It could have increased the voltage gain and reduced the cutoff frequency. * One of the aims of the design is to have an adjustable volume control. There are several ways to do this. One of them, and I think it’s the best, is by using a variable resistor in place of RE1 (i. e. a 100 ? variable resistor). Basically, this resistor is inversely proportional to the voltage gain (AV=Routr'e+RE1 ).Reducing the value of RE1 will increase the voltage gain, thereby increasing the volume and vice versa. References: 1. Theodore F. Bogart, Jefferey S. Beasley and Guilermo Rico (2004). Electronic Devices and Circuits. India: Pearson Education, Inc. 2. Thomas L . Floyd (2005). Electronic Devices. 7th ed. India: Pearson Education, Inc. 3. HyperPhysics  (2004)  Common Emitter Amplifier,[online] Available at: http://hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/electronic/npnce. html [Accessed: 20th Nov 2011]. 4. Scribd  (2006)  Common Emitter Amplifier,  [online] Available at: http://www. cribd. com/doc/27767944/Common-Emitter-Amplifier [Accessed: 25th Nov 2011]. 5. Visionics  (2005)  RC Coupled Amplifier,  [online] Available at: http://www. visionics. ee/curriculum/Experiments/RC%20Ampr/RC%20Coupled%20Amplifier1. html [Accessed: 1st Nov 2011]. 6. SSIT  (2006)  Analog Electronic Circuits,  [online] Available at: http://www. ssit. edu. in/dept/assignment/aeclabmanual. pdf [Accessed: 5th Nov 2011]. 7. Edutalks  (2007)  RC Coupled Amplifier,  [online] Available at: http://www. edutalks. org/electronics%20lab%20manual%201. pdf [Accessed: 7th Nov 2011].

Check List for Project Finance Essay Example for Free

Check List for Project Finance Essay 1. Brief description of every project sponsor: company history, establishment date, legal form, ownership, subsidiaries, core activities. Data on sponsor’s experience in the host country and in the project’s industry. Explanation of how the project relates to the sponsor’s strategic direction/goals. 2. Annual reports of the past three years for every project sponsor. Additional requirements in the case of project finance for activities in existing plants: detailed structured data for the past three years and budgets for the next five years on revenues (including a breakdown of export versus domestic foreign currency revenues if any, for countries with non-convertible currency; revenue mix by customer, country, and product) and expenses (in detail; in the case of non-convertible currencies, these need to be grouped separately). 3. Summary of the project concerned, including name, location, purpose, organisational form, ownership, equity, security structure, status of licenses/approvals, local partners, marketing and distribution, financing. 4. Brief characterisation of the role of the host country. For projects with currencies that are not completely freely convertible: description of the measures to avoid convertibility and transfer risk (including escrow accounts). 5. Schematic representation of the contract structure and the significant existing or intended contractual relationships and security. 6.List of references of the general contractor and/or most important suppliers as far as known; list of references of comparable projects to document the proven technological feasibility and the experience in the sector and host country. 7.Information on operator/management company: Company history, ownership, core activities, list of references, documentation of relevant experience in industry and host country. 8.Independent feasibility study reporting on the project’s economic and financial viability and political and environmental acceptability. Information on the level of expertise of the advisers/experts used in terms of subject area and geographic region, as it relates to the project (list of references). 9.The following information, if not already included in the feasibility study: a) Technical description, flow sheet, layout b) Detailed derivation of estimated operating costs (price and quantity details) c)Procurement situation for raw materials and supplies, including corresponding contract documents d) Description of the management, training of staff, staff costs and qualifications e) Environmental aspects, environmental impact assessment report, required environmental approvals and environmental measures, general description of location and emphasis on its specific relevant features, socio-economic and socio-cultural aspects. Also see our detailed requirements for the environmental review. f) Discussion of the amounts and appropriateness of the investment value and the risks regarding time and cost overruns. g) Timetable for construction and commissioning, milestones h) Market information on the project’s products/services, including the price and volume trends for the past 5 to 10 years; competitive situation, current and future supply and demand situation; forecast, identification and geographic location of main customers; marketing and logistics strategy; description of the planned marketing activities and off-take agreements (e.g. take-or-pay agreements) i) Detailed project costs, broken down by main categories of the key construction and commissioning cost items, interest over construction period, financing of working capital j) Projected procurement of funds, including source, amount, currency, time of input k) Cash flow projection over the repayment term of the requested export-credit-insured loan (including sensitivity analysis: a realistic base scenario, an optimistic and a pessimistic scenario), explanation of how any cash deficits will be covered l) Derivation and assumptions of the cash flow projection, including basis for sales quantity and prices, operating and administrative expenses, depreciation, amortization and impairment losses, taxes, inflation, exchange rate movements, export licenses, influence of local government. Check List for Project Finance. (2016, Oct 02).

Find out how large are the media industries in the U.S in terms of Essay

Find out how large are the media industries in the U.S in terms of last year's revenues and influence. What are the consequences of that for media culture - Essay Example Usually, the largest, most impressive grosses, are generated by high-budget A-Pictures, financed and/or released by the MPAA companies; however, such pictures do not always create the optimum rate of return, especially for net profit participants, who, unfortunately, only see profit participation in 5% of the pictures. The statistics of the movie industry in the United States also reveal that there had been an increase of almost 30% in the media markets in the span of the past ten years. According to a study conducted by Monitor Co., the movie and television industries contributed over $16 billion to the State of California's economy, directly employing 164,000 and indirectly employing another 184,000. The study also found that the vast majority of feature films and television programs are produced by independent producers. During the recent past, there has been a lot of transformation in the way media is reaching the audience. There has been a shift in the media in new forms like DVD and internet. This shift obviously has got an influence and also a strong cultural and social impact on the society.

Oedipus the King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Oedipus the King - Essay Example A true hero is characterized by his emotional strength. Analysis of Oedipus suggests that Oedipus was a true as well as tragic hero. Human experience tells that a responsible king strives hard for the peace of the nation. In the start of the play, Oedipus takes all measures in the capacity of the King of Thebes to protect his people from the plague that has caught them. He not only provides everything that his people need, but also makes sure that they stay in good health. Therefore he sends Creon to the house of Apollo to seek the oracle’s advice. This is expected of a responsible king. Then to find Laius’s murderer, Oedipus seeks advice from the Chorus and hence approaches Teiresias for help. The fact that Oedipus consults the Chorus regarding the way he should proceed with the investigation speaks of the value he gives to his people and immense confidence that he places in them. People feel honored when they have been consulted by the ruler before he makes important decisions. Human experience tells that subordinates’ morale is vital to the success of any system, be that as small as an organizational setup or as large as a country. Oedipus cares a lot for his people, and involves them in the decision making. By doing this, he provides another proof of being a people’s property. ... He would go to any length to provide his people with a safe environment to live in. His efforts to search for the cure of plague, his involvement of the public in decision making and his dare to know the truth despite having been warned make Oedipus a hero. Oedipus has no other way but to suspect that there has been a deal between Teirasias and Creon. He fully believes that Creon is the traitor and yet he lets go of him when his wife and the Chorus plead him to be open-minded. Such generosity and forgiveness can be expected of nobody else but a hero. This potentially means that Oedipus forgives a person that insults him overtly in front of the whole public and for something, that Oedipus has not even done. Oedipus was in power. He could have got Creon as well as Teirasias killed for their act. Even a king who has actually done all the crimes Teirasias accused Oedipus of would not spare Teirasias and Creon for bringing this secret in the public eye, but Oedipus was kind enough to let go of them when he was actually innocent! Oedipus also knows what forgiving Creon means. Creon says to the Chorus, â€Å"I would have you know that this request of yours really requests my death or banishment†¦Well, let go him then – if I must die ten times for it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Sophocles and Grene, line 669). There is little wonder he does so because heroes do that! Oedipus has sufficient evidence to believe what Teirasias said. He had killed a stranger at a place where three roads met. He could tell that Jocasta was talking about the very stranger as she mentioned some identity marks for Laius. He also knows that his ankles are pierced. All of these together with an oracle’s prediction that Oedipus would kill his own father and marry his own mother before he left his hometown

Challenges and Solutions to Organizational Knowledge Management in Essay

Challenges and Solutions to Organizational Knowledge Management in KBMS - Essay Example Basically, a knowledge base is a special kind of database for knowledge management. According to Bellinger, Castro, & Mill, knowledge is defined as the application of data and information; answers "how" questions. It deals with collection of information such that its intent is to be useful. In an organization, knowledge is used on the day to day basis in the running of the affairs of the company. Andriopoulos & Dawson (20) suggest that managing change, creativity & innovation is the most crucial aspect for organisations to survive as we move into a knowledge economy. Knowledge is used in the operations of the organization so that it can achieve its desired goals. The main challenge of managing knowledge is that it is not static given that it changes depending on the changes taking place in the environment in which the organization operates. During the contemporary period, it can be noted that organisations operate in a dynamic environment which changes on a daily basis. In order to keep pace with these changes, the organization ought to develop and manage knowledge that can be used in the operations of the company. Since knowledge is not static, it can be seen that what was previously regarded as useful knowledge to the organization may not be relevant in the future operations of the organization. Therefore, this is a challenge to the organization since it ought to upgrade its knowledge system periodically so as to be able to keep pace with the changes and developments that can take place in the environment in which it operates. This may not be an easy task since it may be difficult to predict what is seen as important in managing knowledge in the company. In order to deal with the above mentioned challenge, particular attention should be paid to continued learning in the organization which can help it to gain a competitive edge over other rival competitors operating in the same environment. According to Schultz (164), learning in an organization is

Origin of flight of dinosaurs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Origin of flight of dinosaurs - Research Paper Example These factors will all be discussed with reference to Archaeopteryx lithographica, a species generally regarded as being the common ancestor to modern birds and the primary source of information about the development of flight mechanisms. Archaeopteryx A brief discussion of Archaeopteryx litographica (commonly known as Archaeopteryx) is necessary to understand how instrumental this species is to discovering the mechanisms of flight evolution. Various Archaeopteryx specimens have been found in the south of Germany, well-preserved due to the qualities of the limestone in which they were found. The Archaeopteryx is commonly described as being the size of a raven and having several features that make it identifiable in the context of modern-day birds – feathers and a wishbone, for example (Ostrom, 1975). Several of these features suggest that the Archaeopteryx was capable of flight, although, as with many things in evolutionary biology, this is something that can never be ascertai ned. Archaeopteryx also shared several features with dinosaurs, such as having chevrons of increased length in the tail and a specific shape of ankle bone (Ostrom, 1975). This bird-dinosaur morphology is the principle reason for thinking that the species is the missing link. The way that Archaeopteryx specimens are conserved in limestone has resulted in the preservation of feather imprints, allowing paleontologists to ascertain that this species may have used feathers in the development of flight mechanisms. This is particularly good evidence of some aerial motion because the feathers found show characteristics of flight feathers, meaning that feathers had previously began to evolve for a purpose other than flight (Paul, 2002). Finally, it is important to note that it has not been proven whether Archaeopteryx had the power of full flight or could simply glide (Padian & Chiappe, 1998). Arboreal Hypothesis The arboreal hypothesis (also known as the ‘tree down’ hypothesis) refers to the idea that dinosaurs first gained flight by jumping from trees and acquiring flight as an evolutionary mechanism to avoid fatal accidents from this method. This hypothesis seems ‘intuitive’ because ‘flight evolving from an arboreal gliding stage would seem to be relatively easy’ (Padian & Chiappe, 1998, p15) and because the force of gravity ‘helps rather than hinders’ (Lewin, 1983, p38). Some studies, such as that of Feduccia (1993) suggest that the shape of the manus (the ‘hand’ portion of the forelimb) and the pes (the ‘foot’ portion of the hindlimb) of the Archaeopteryx exhibit evidence of perching, tree-dwelling and trunk-climbing due to the curvature of these anatomical elements. However, since this paper was published, another specimen of Archaeopteryx has been discovered (known as the Thermopolis specimen) which has almost complete pes, and thus there is now mounting evidence that the hallux (first digit of the pes) did not display curvature necessary for perching (Mayr et al., 2007). If we consider the Archaeopteryx as arboreal, it is important to understand how and why flight would have developed in this way. The original theory as stated by Othniel C. Marsh in the late 19th century was that Archaeopteryx

Current event tort Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Current event tort - Article Example Mr. Rypien, who is the lead plaintiff in the case, claims he is suffering from brain damage and disturbed mental functions as a direct result of this act by the League (Fenno 2012). The league, of course, denies any direct involvement, and contradicts the opinion that any vital information was intentionally kept from the players (Fenno 2012). This is an example of many such lawsuits against NFL for the same reasons (Fenno 2012). This is an example of a physical injury tort lawsuit, in which the defendant is blamed for intentional physical harm to the prosecutor. Lawsuit 2: In Perez v. Deitz, an Internet blogger and the user of the web platform, Yelp, is facing a lawsuit worth $750,000, due to her derogatory remarks about the company (Ferenstein 2012). Dietz Development is a home contractor company which is claiming to be losing customers after an Internet user, Jane Perez, published some defamatory remarks about the company on the website Yelp (Ferenstein 2012). ... The Yelp lawyers and critics themselves are of the view that such lawsuits would hamper free speech and the expression of true opinions (Ferenstein 2012). On the other hand, the court seems to hold the Internet users responsible for their words, as their words and comments seem to be having a far-reaching effect, especially on businesses (Ferenstein 2012). This is an example of defamatory tort lawsuits, in which the reputation of the prosecution is at stake, while there is no physical harm. This particular case is, furthermore, an example of SLAPP, or Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation-related lawsuits (Ferenstein 2012). Lawsuit 3: Advocate South Suburban Hospital, and an obstetrician named in the lawsuit, have been sued for negligence and personal physical injury while delivering a baby who is now nine years old when the case is settled (Goldblatt and Smith 2012). Maria Cavanaugh was born to Kari Cavanaugh through a normal delivery in the mentioned hospital, while the m other was taking the pill called Pitocin (Goldblatt and Smith 2012). This drug is currently widely popular among expecting mothers, who are prescribed this to hasten labor and reduce the labor period (Goldblatt and Smith 2012). Although relatively safe before delivery, it is supposed to be cut off near term to minimize its side effects (Goldblatt and Smith 2012). Kari was also prescribed this drug, however, the nurses and the doctor actually increased the dose of the drug instead of discontinuing it, leading to toxic side effects incurred to the baby, who developed cerebral palsy and intense brain damage (Goldblatt and Smith 2012). According

DISCUSS CRITICALLY THE MAIN FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE EMERGENCE Essay

DISCUSS CRITICALLY THE MAIN FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE EMERGENCE OF ISLAMIC FEMINISM - Essay Example The Islamic feminist movement has begun to adapt certain Western thought into their efforts to become involved in the global trend towards a more progressive attitude in terms of the rights of women. In fact, the feminist movement in Islam can be seen as the third wave of feminism that is striving to fight against cultural inequalities inherent in some of the more traditional Muslim doctrines (Badran, 1986). This is a battle of cultures, pitting modern thought against the need to maintain ties to a strong faith that has been the cornerstone of much of the world for multiple centuries. To be sure, there are differences of opinion when considering the Islamic feminist movement and how much attention it should even garner. Some would argue that such reform efforts have no place in a discussion surrounding religious faith, while others would contend that religion and modernity can still go hand in hand (Gardner, 2006). This paper will deal with the current trend of Islamic feminism in an effort to bridge these differences of opinion and to move this dominant world religion towards a culture that is more accommodating of individual differences, while still honouring age-old traditions of religious, moral, and social values. The Emergence of Islamic Feminism The United Nations and the Plight of Women: 1975-1985 In the mid 1970s, the United Nations (UN) began a decade long initiative to focus on the plight of women globally. Women from around the globe attended a focused UN summit meeting that was designed to springboard a new attention to feminism worldwide. The idea behind the summit actually began with the general assembly meeting previously held in Mexico. It was there that delegates expressed concerns about the treatment of women worldwide (Gardner, 2006). The fact is that cultural and religious differences likely prohibit a universal feminist movement where all women are subject to the same treatment and the goal of true equality is met. With that being said, de legates to the United Nations increasingly began to feel that there should be a sort of universal declaration of feminist rights that would transcend culture and religion (Gardner, 2006). Out of this was born the idea of the Decade for Women. That General Assembly was reportedly that first major meeting ever held by the United Nations that made women’s rights a primary area of focus (Fraser, 1987). In essence, the General Assembly saw fit to create a declaration that drew from recent Human Rights initiatives, namely that women across the globe should have certain rights, regardless of their religious or cultural background. Subsequently, many left the meeting with a renewed passion for establishing and promoting certain responsibilities that should be shared amongst the countries of the world in terms of equalizing gender relationships in not only the workplace, but the general community as well (Moore and Pubantz, 2008). The idea was to make the feminist movement a focus of future initiatives for the next decade, both at the national and international level. Particular attention would be paid to countries that possessed a less than stellar record in the area of women’s rights. The declaration set forth the notion that both males and females should be viewed as

Summarizing Very Short and Sweet Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summarizing Very Short and Sweet - Assignment Example Grant underlines the importance of buy-in for all stakeholders through a good communication program. The strengths of the summary are that it mentions the main components of the article and its purpose. The summary describes the components of core concepts for integrated system. It also points out Grant’s purpose in writing the article, which guides readers on what they can expect from the article. However, the summary could have at least mentioned the particular core concepts of integrated system in the summary to improve its content. The summary should also clearly highlight the benefits and challenges of integrated care. For instance, Grant argues that integrated care is complex, but it can be done through the designing of the organization’s communication plan and encouraging stakeholder participation. The summary should also include the benefits of integrated care that Grant discussed in more specific terms, instead of just saying that it cuts costs and improves outcomes, so that those who read the summary can clearly picture what integrated care’s benefits are to

The Effects of Video Games on Children Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Video Games on Children Essay â€Å"Technology is a useful servant but a dangerous master,† says Norwegian politician Christian Lous Lange (1930, no page). Indeed, technological progress made a step forward in humans’ civilization, changed people’s lives and brought new innovations. Virtual reality, as a part of this progress, gave an opportunity to have a look at the world built on imagination with a possibility to be involved in all actions happening there. Computers, PlayStations and other gaming platforms allowing people to interact with a virtual gaming world are becoming popular today, especially among children. Definitely, some video games positively impact on children’s learning skills at schools or colleges, even showing better results in their education. However, these games are one of the controversial issues existing presently. On the level with researchers revealed positive sides of virtual gaming, there have been conducted many other types of research, which discovered some negative effects caused by virtual games. On the one hand, the positive effects of digital games can be linked with an academic education of children. These games can teach young people some subjects at schools or universities, for example, algebra and geometry (Corbett et al., 2001). One of the reasons for this can be that children act actively while playing video games instead of just listening or watching, which make computer games good teachers. Moreover, a practice of video games for educational purposes may be helpful for migrant children. There are several reasons for this such as the possibility to change languages, an opportunity to repeat tasks which were difficult for international students and other reasons. For instance, this practice was successfully used by the Pennsylvania Department of Migrant Education to teach international students (Winograd, 2001). Turning to the negative effects, a serious concern about digital games attributes to violent games, which are gaining popularity among children, whereas educational and challenging games are becoming less popular. Perhaps the most problematic issue connected to the violence in games is the formation of aggression in children’s behavior. According to Park (2014), new research has proven that those children who are addicted to sit hours playing video games are more likely to act themselves in a hostile way than those who are far from spending lots of time in front of gaming platforms. Shooting at people and killing them, acts of stealing and kidnapping, and a clear vision of bleeding profusely – all these factors are responsible for the appearance of kids’ aggressive attitude towards other people. But aggressiveness is not only problem. Other behavioral problems are also caused by violent games such as making some actions normal whereas they are abnormal. For insta nce, well-known game â€Å"Grand Theft Auto† gives a clear vision of actions which are terrible in reality, such as hiring prostitutes and murdering them to take money back, killing pedestrians by driving on the sidewalk in GTA world, carrying out an attack on people randomly and others (Wendling, 2014). In fact, the history shows that over 125 million of duplicates of GTA were sold which makes this game one of the best sellers (Video Game Sales Wiki, 2013). Additionally, demented activities in some video games are awarded with virtual money, reputation and some points, which can spur on children to realize abnormal and even criminal actions in real world. In 2013 two girls from Italy murdered one man and stole his money and then told the police that they felt as playing GTA while committing the crime (Corriere Della Sera, 2013). There can be observed other negative effects too related to behavioral problems caused by violent games. More studies should be undertaken to analyze all these effects in order to minimize negative consequences carried by them. Similarly, we have to concern about non-behavioral effects of virtual games on children as well. First of all, video games lead to deterioration of children’s social skills. According to studies made by a group of specialists, there was found that children addicted to playing games displayed a lower level of social skills compared to normal students (Zamani et al., 2010). The reason for this can be that young people devote their free time to video games instead of talking with coevals and friends, which, obviously, arouses different troubles with communication. The research concluded that children having exposure to playing games avoid communicative relations (Zamani et al., 2010). The explanation concerning why children continuously play video games wa s given in the research: video games are more enjoyable, inform about others, help some children to feel themselves not alone, somehow make children forgotten about existing problems, and video games give an opportunity to participate in game actively and directly (Zamani et al., 2010). Social skills are important in the formation of individuals since relationships and interactions with other people built on communication are pivotal. However, negative effects of video games on children’s social skills continue to worry the majority of people, especially parents. Furthermore, health problems caused by video games are one of the major problems to concern about. Since children may seat sufficient time controller-in-hand, they spend less time on physical activities. Hence, obesity may be a great threat to their health problems. Accordingly, one research indicated that children who play virtual games more than 1.5 hours are more inclined to have obesity problems than those who spend less than 1.5 hours (Rehbein et al., 2010). In addition, vision problems triggered by sitting hours in front of the monitor may serve as another example for health-related problems about video games. Parts of the eye such as pupil, cornea, and iris are vulnerable for long viewing on electronic devices, contributing to eye strain (Gillespie, 2002). Thus, this may have negative outcomes such as deterioration of children’s vision. Another example of health problem caused by computer games is an epileptic seizure. That is why all video game industries are obliged t o have epilepsy warnings on goods they produced in order to prevent this illness. There are more health problems triggered by video games, especially, among children as â€Å"developing† population, since they have recently started their growth in both physical and mental characteristics. In conclusion, technology is not a good or bad invention, it depends on people in what way they use it. Similarly, virtual games have many positive effects in education even giving a better performance of students in academia. Many types of research have proven that interactive computer games are good teachers and may be helpful for migrant students, because of an active interaction with the virtual gaming world, language changing possibilities for international students and repetitiveness of tasks. However, other researchers have shown that violent games may cause some behavioral and non-behavioral problems, which represent a great danger for young people. Behavioral problems include aggressiveness in children, caused by violent actions in the game and non-behavioral problems include deterioration of children’s social skills, as a result of lack of communication. Additionally, health-related problems are also one of the negative effects of video games. Illnesses such as the d eterioration of the eyesight, caused by an extensive viewing of the monitor, obesity, which is triggered by a lack of physical activity, epileptic seizure, and many other health problems, are things which needed to be concerned about by everyone. Finally, even though video games have more bad consequences on children rather than positives, with an effort to get rid of negative effects we should save positive effects of video games.

The Comparison and Feature Similarities Essay Example for Free

The Comparison and Feature Similarities Essay Now comes the interesting part, distinguishing how two completely different advertisements use similar features and techniques to sell products and also compare their varied approach to the reader first lets just pick out the similarities and discuss why these similarities may have occurred;  Use of images, very common, both have images present and also bold fonts and titles that stand out against their background colour  Use of beautiful people both people used in the adverts have white teeth are not over weight etc  Both contain the logo of their product somewhere in the advert, and also the logos both seem to be situated towards the end of the advert  Both people in the image are in their natural state for that particular time, in the morning for breakfast, and at night ready for bed, the attire of both people is nothing exceptional and this will relate to all the ordinary people reading the advert. We can see that these similarities mainly relate to the images and the people in the images. This is because the editor needs to make the reader feel special and no different from the any one else and that what Ruby Wax or the lady from the Kelloggs advert does can be done by the reader in just the same way, whether it means having the same furniture, or eating the same cereal, people always find celebrity related products make them exceptional from the others. Comparison  Now lets compare the few features that are in both and see how they differ and why this may be;  There is a lot less colour used in the Kelloggs advert compared to the MFI one, this maybe because in the furniture world colour schemes play a big role and the last thing people want is the wrong colour couches for example. Whereas in the world of cereal colour is not such a big issue whereas taste would be the same thing for Kellogg but the other way round, but colour attracts attention when reading a magazine so this may be a flaw to the Kelloggs advert or maybe the MFI just has too much colour it depends. In the MFI advert there is far less text involved that in the Kelloggs one, this is because the main feature of furniture is how it looks, and the best way to sell furniture is to picture it, in full colour and matching its surroundings whereas in terms of cereal factual information such as nutrition details are required and the effects of the cereal, and time periods before you can see the results all add to the better chance of selling the product. Both adverts include a logo at the end of the advert so to speak, and this is a shared feature, they will both want the same result, this is for the reader to remember the name of the brand over all so at least if the name is remembered then all the details will follow when the person sees the name again.  Both scenarios are perfect all the place is tidy and matching in the MFI advert, and the same in the other not that there is much to be messy but the people are all clean, hair done brilliant smile etc, this adds to the attraction and also allows the reader to associate themselves with these people via the product. In both the adverts the positioning of the wording has to be just right, this especially true in the Kelloggs advert as I had identified that mapping theory, this would not be effective at all if the wording was not correctly positioned and also in the MFI advert, if the text was bang in the middle then that would spoil the view of the immaculate bedroom which is the MFI adverts key feature for attracting readers. So the text is place in the corner out of the way giving the main image plenty of space to be recognised. Conclusion So now after analysing two separate adverts we can get quite a clear image of how advertising works and how all its little features add up to successfully sell their product to the wide range of viewers out there, of course there are many different ways of selling a product and to be sure, we have only covered a small amount of the advertising world but from this assignment we have certainly understood how advertising works and the many ways there are to sell something and the many ways people can play with your mind to make you want what they are selling.

Violence And Aggression In The Health Care Social Work Essay

Violence And Aggression In The Health Care Social Work Essay Introduction Management of a violent or aggressive client plays an important role in health care setting. This is very critical in mental health sector and as well as the prevention of violence and aggression is very essential since the main concern of the modern world has been directed towards preventive measures rather curative and therapeutic actions. Researchers have found out that violence and aggression are common among mentally disordered clients than community controls. It is more common among schizophrenic and drug addictive clients than other mentally disordered clients. Furthermore this article reveals that the number of homicidal events for last few decades remains constant in UK although the technology has been improved. (Davison, 2005) Furthermore some articles reveals that hundred percent of nurses who are working at mental health settings have experienced some kind of violent behavior from clients towards them. The more important thing is these behaviors vary from verbal threat to sexual harassments. And also this article reveals that nurses and health care workers who directly work with such clients are getting assaulted more often than doctors who visit them periodically. (Richter Whittington, 2006) These facts prove the important of developing more effective strategies to manage violent and aggressive clients. Since they are not completely independent and since they seek care it is very essential to plan strategies to cope with and to prevent or minimize such incidences while maintaining clients rights and dignity as health care workers. The other important aspect of this discussion is to minimize or prevent injuries or harm to the coworkers while managing such clients in a dignified and well accepted manner. Before look in to the management and the prevention it will be useful to be familiar with technical terms. What is violence? Violence has been defined as an intentional behavior towards any person or a property to damage, Injure, hurt, abuse or kill with a physical force. (Dictionary, 2012) What is aggression? Aggression is a set of behaviors which can cause physical and psychological injury, damage of harm to oneself, others or properties. (Cherry) What causes aggression and violence? It is critical to figure out the reason or the cause, why violence and aggression occurs in health care setting. Despite clients mental health condition or the physiology of the disease the environment and the way staff approach the client is important. Most of the articles reveals that clients with antisocial behaviors, schizophrenia, drug addictives and clients who are having problems with the insight may become aggressive than other traits. But it is important to notice that apart from above conditions the environment which is discomforting to clients and actions of outsiders may play a role towards clients violence and aggression. This may be common among health care settings the onset of aggression due to certain actions taken by staff members which can justify due to lack of systematic techniques and understanding even though it is unethical. Because with the more often aggression and harassment towards staff make their mind to take aggression and violence as a job related thre at or hazard and make them helpless during a such incident. This will make their mind to be more focus on safety rather clients rights and dignity. Prevention of Aggression Violation Identify your client It is essential and critical to know your client very well before you approach your client. This includes the condition of your client, medical, social history violent history. Knowing you clients medical social history may help you to recognize what makes you client aggressive while violent history will reveal lot of important facts about you behaviors. Simply you should know likes dislikes of your client, what makes them aggressive, how they express when they were above to behave aggressively what would they do when they become aggressive. So you can anticipate get prepared if you know above information about your client. Pay your attention to aggravating factors If you know your client, you can figure out what makes them aggressive. May be certain topics, actions, words or behaviors will make them aggressive. You need to avoid them as much as possible when you approach a client. This will help a healthcare worker to prevent such incidents. Take precautions Once you identify your client properly, you should take necessary precautions. Based on above assessment firstly you need to rule out factors which makes them aggressive. Secondly you should pay your attention and find out a way to identify such incidents before it occurs by your clients expressions, specific behaviors, or gestures. Then you should know what they would do when they are aggressive or violent. Based on that information you should take necessary precautions. You may keep your coworkers informed before you approach your client, keep an emergency communication system ready such as a call bell to use in case. Arrange the environment It is very essential to arrange your clients environment. That should be calm, comforting environment with no clutters threats. The surrounding should not posses any sharp objects, ropes, wires, tubes which can be use to harm self or others. Managing Aggression Violation If your client become violent or aggressive; by using following measures you can try to control the situation. Talk on behalf of your client Always show your client that you agree with him or her and always take you clients side though you strongly disagree with him or her. Because, your client becomes aggressive or violent since they are not fully mentally competent at the moment. Realize that this is not the best moment to discuss prove your client is wrong or his or her actions are unacceptable. Talking on behalf of your client will help you to gain your clients trust faith which will be useful to calm down your client. Send victims or opponents out immediately while you are having someone around to assist you. Because seen his or her opponent would make your client more discomforting. Try to calm down you client Once you gain faith of your client you can control you client up an extent. Dont try to over control your client. Calm down you client by giving them suggestions while listening to him or her. Offer him or her a seat to make your client comfortable. Give your client enough time without rushing. Remove aggravating factors from your clients sight If aggression or violation has being occurred due to a person, send him out, the factor may be a picture, word which has being used or any behavior or can be any minor thing. You must avoid them remove them immediately if it is possible to support him to calm down. Keep supportive measures ready all the time All the time the emergency alert system, urgent medicines such as sedatives, supportive staff should keep ready when you deal with such a client. This will help healthcare workers to minimize the damage if an incident occurs. Go with a crowd When you approach a client who is highly possible to become violent or aggressive it is preferable to go with one or more coworkers. In case if client becomes violent supportive staff can help you to restrain at least until medications has being administered. And it is very important that you should keep your eye on your client and should be at your sight whenever you are at your clients room or area. This will provide your safety. By having your client at your sight all the time, you can see what they are doing for what they are getting ready for. Your client may try to harm you since he is mentally incompetent. If you do not pay your attention to your client; it will make it easier for your client to harm you. IM rout is preferable for emergency medicines Always intramuscular route is preferable to administer medications such as sedatives during an violent or aggressive situation. The reason is you dont need much of coordination to administer IM injections as IV. Even though IV act fast administering as IV medication will be difficult with a non cooperative client unless they are restrained or an IV canula has being inserted. Do not Criticize Once an incident occurred do not label your client since that will lead you client to become more aggressive when people treat them differently as well as that will help to recur the same situation. Treat them similarly as for the others do not show them a difference. Conclusion Aggression and violence is common in health care related to mentally incompetent people such as patient with anti social behaviors, schizophrenia, personality disorders drug addictives. Poor techniques, protocols and systems to deal with them put both clients and health care workers at a risk. Furthermore this will cause breaching clients dignity, rights health status while healthcare workers consider them as a job related risk. Proper education and awareness of healthcare workers would improve healthcare workers coping with such incidents proper management of incidents. Knowing you client being prepared is the best way to minimize aggression violence in healthcare.

Breast Cancer Essay -- essays research papers fc

Breast cancer is a frightening disease. It can be fatal, and while two thirds of the cases occur among mature women, it also strikes younger females and about nine thousand males each year. The fear generated by breast cancer is intensified by the somewhat shocking reality that breast cancer has actually increased over the last fifty years. In 1940, a woman had a one-in-twenty chance of developing the disease, while today one out of every eight women will get breast cancer. According to the National Cancer Institute, every three minutes somewhere a woman is diagnosed with it. Yet despite all of the media attention about breast cancer, most people don’t know very much about the illness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by cells that change and divide abnormally. If rapid cell division occurs when the body doesn’t need new cells, an abundance of tissue is produced. This mass of tissue, known as a tumor, may be either benign or malignant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Benign tumors are not cancerous and may even be completely harmless. Most of the time these can be surgically removed and do not grow back. The cells of benign tumors don’t spread to other parts of the body and do not threaten your life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Malignant tumors, on the other hand, are cancerous. These tumors can enter and damage surrounding tissues and organs. Cancer cells can also break away from malignant tumors and get in either the blood stre...

Case Study of Warren E. Buffet :: Business Management Studies

Case Study of Warren E. Buffet In 1995 Berkshire Hathaway has made a bid for the shares of GEICO. This report reviews the offer made by Warren Buffet and will try to prove that the acquisition of GEICO will serve the long-term goal of Berkshire Hathaway and the bid price was appropriate. Furthermore, it will explain what may have caused for the share price increase for Berkshire Hathaway at the announcement of GEICO’s acquisition. Would the GEICO acquisition serve the long-term goals of Berkshire Hathaway? In 1976, Warren Buffet paid $45.7 million for 34.25 shares of GEICO. Review of GEICO’s historical dividends shows that GEICO has been a very profitable investment for Berkshire Hathaway. The growth rate for 1994 is a sharp increase, but even if the growth rate for 1994 is not considered, GEICO’s historical increase in dividends has been considerably high so that acquisition of GEICO will serve the long-term goals of Berkshire Hathaway. What might account for the share price increase for Berkshire Hathaway at the announcement? Review of Warren Buffet’s historical investment success might explain the increase in share price for Berkshire Hathaway at the announcement. Given that he has had a good track record, it is expected that shareholders respond positively. In 1977, the price of Berkshire Hathaway was $89 closing at $25,400 by 1995, an unparalleled annual growth of 37.7%. In comparison, the growth rate of the S&P 500 over the same period was 14.3%. Warren Buffet’s formidable investment performance was also demonstrated when Berkshire Hathaway acquired Scott & Fetzer. Berkshire Hathaway paid $315 million for Scott & Fetzer in 1985 after which they received significant dividends. Again, Buffet’s investment performance on the acquisition of Scott & Fetzer outperformed the S&P 500 evident by an internal rate of return (IRR) of 26.4% including the 1994 cash flow or 14.9% without 1994 cash flow on the Scott & Fetzer investment. Clearly, Warren Buffet’s positive investment performance carried a significant weight and influences the market to have a more optimistic outlook on his investments. Conversely, his historical records of investment success do add value to shareholders trust. Was the bid price appropriate? GEICO Corp was selling for $55.75 at the time Warren Buffet and Berkshire Hathaway made an offer of $70 including a 26% premium over the current GEICO stock price. One would expect that what appeared to be an overprice bid would lead to a negative market reaction. On the contrary, Berkshire Hathaway’s shares closed up 2.4% for the day for a gain in market value of $718 million after the announcement. The gain’s effect was twofold – it increased the value of GEICO shares (34.25 million) Berkshire Hathaway already owned and it also made the

Franklin, Rosalind (1920 - 1958) Essay -- Papers

Franklin, Rosalind (1920 - 1958) Franklin was a Londoner by birth. After graduating from Cambridge University, she joined the staff of the British Coal Utilisation Research Association in 1942, moving in 1947 to the Laboratoire Centrale des Services Chimique de L'Etat in Paris. She returned to England in 1950 and held research appointments at London University, initially at King's College from 1951 to 1953 and thereafter at Birkbeck College until her untimely death from cancer at the age of 37. Franklin played a major part in the discovery of the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick. With the unflattering and distorted picture presented by Watson in his The Double Helix (1968) her role in this has become somewhat controversial. At King's, she had been recruited to work on biological molecules and her director, John Randall, had specifically instructed her to work on the structure of DNA. When she later learned that Maurice Wilkins, a colleague at King's, also intended to work on DNA, she felt unable to cooperate with him. Nor did she feel much respect for the early attempts of Watson and Crick in Cambridge to establish the structure. The causes of friction were various ranging from simple personality clashes to, it has been said, male hostility to the invasion of their private club by a woman. Despite this unsatisfactory background Franklin did obtain results without which the structure established by Watson and Crick would have been at the least delayed. The most important of these was her x-ray photograph of hydrated DNA, the so-called B form, the most revealing such photograph then available. Watson fir... ...anklin's showing an image of the now famous Photo 51. Franklin, went on to study the tobacco mosaic virus, and continued her work in absolute dedication, despite having been diagnosed with cancer in 1956 (probably due to the chemicals she was using). She died two years later, 37 years old, never knowing how much her work had played a role in Watson and Crick's discovery. In 1963 they received the Nobel prize for their discovery, along with Wilkins, Franklin's collaborator. In 1968 Watson's popular book, The Double Helix, recounted the events leading to their ultimate discovery, making clear for the first time how critical Franklin's experimental work had been. Franklin's social isolation prompted by the contempt male scientists showed toward her as a woman-scientist, is one of the tragedies in the history of science.

Leadership Style: Sam Palmisano, Former IBM Chief Operating Officer Essay

1.0 About Sam Palmisano He began his career with IBM in 1973 as a salesman in Baltimore Maryland, Since then, Palmisano has held a series of leadership positions during his IBM career, including senior vice president for the Enterprise Systems and Personal Systems groups. Mr. Palmisano also played a key role in creating and leading IBM’s Global Services, rising to senior vice president, and building the largest and most diversified information technology services organization in the industry. He also served as senior managing director of operations for IBM Japan. He became president and Chief Operating Officer (CEO) in 2000. Sam Palmisano is a graduate of The Johns Hopkins University. In recognition of his leadership role as co-chair of the Council on Competitiveness’ National Innovation Initiative, as well as his many business accomplishments, Palmisano was awarded an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Humane Letters from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 2005. In 2006, he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship from the London Business School. He has received a number of business awards including the Atlantic Council’s Distinguished Business Leadership Award in 2009 and the inaugural Deming Cup, presented in 2010 by the W. Edwards Deming Centre for Quality, Productivity and Competitiveness at Columbia Business School. He is also an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 2.0 IBM company background As late as 1960 IBM was still primarily a punched-card machine supplier. It was not until 1962 that computer sales equaled those of its traditional punched-card products. But by the end of the decade, its punched-card machine sales were essentially vestigial. While IBM was making this transformation in its product line in the 1960s, it was also growing at the rapid rate of 15 to 20 percent a year and soon achieved a domination of the computer market that was historically unparalleled in any other major industry. IBM’s success was creating a difficult environment for its competitors. By 1960 the mainframe computer industry had already been whittled down to just IBM and seven others. Of all the mainframe suppliers, Sperry Rand had suffered the biggest reverse, consolidating a decline that had begun well before the launch of the 1401. Despite being the pioneer of the industry, it had never made a profit in computers and was gaining a reputation bordering on derision. For many years IBM’s domination of the computer industry was attributed to a variety of factors like managerial competence, technological excellence, formidable marketing organization, monopolistic, antitrust business practices and the leadership exerted by the Watsons. A key difference between IBM and its competitors persisted right into the computer age. Thus, when company used equipment from one of IBM’s office machine competitors, it was all too likely to acquire a problem rather than a solution. Often the computer and its software were no more than a set of tools with which to fashion a solution, instead of the solution itself. Only IBM guaranteed a complete solution to business problems, and an IBM salesman was all too likely to remind a data processing manager that no one ever got fired by hiring from IBM. This was a patronizing attitude that came close to condescension, and often resulted in a love-hate relationship between IBM and its customers. 3.0 What was Sam Palmisano trying to achieve with his style of leading? While there are many factors that drive a leader’s success, style plays a key role in effectiveness. No matter what style a leader embodies, they all provide value to the organization. From the case studies, we found that there are several factors that have made IBM’s grown successfully year by year under Palmisano style of leading. 1-Major player in the Industry. Palmisano is leading IBM back to greatness. He chose to shift IBM from being a company that produced commodities to one focused on services to clients. He wants to purchase computing power directly from provider that manages and distributes it. The company will no longer own and house its own computing system. To make this become a reality, IBM plans to manage and distribute computing power which includes more open source tools and different kinds of ownership. 2-Business efficiency. During Palmisano time as a CEO, he introduces a very brave idea which is to outsource IBM computer technology operation to India. Making India the nerve centre for servicing local markets through its global delivery network, Palmisano found an enviable head start in one of the fastest growing emerging markets. IBM wants to shift its focus from pure technology to embrace outsourcing and other services as part of the business model. 3-Create more participation from employee. Palmisano created teams of people from all levels in the company and put them in charge of operations, strategy and technology. He also asked the top management team to join him in coming up with an idea that would be the major breakthrough that IBM made when it developed its new business model. One of Palmisano action was that he abolishes the bureaucratic corporate executive committees that decide every strategic initiative in the company. He stresses that effective communication to be utilized in his team to ensure that there is healthy team dynamics within and without the team. To do this he organizes training or ‘simulation exercises’ among team members divided into sub-groups to stimulate healthy rivalry and for the purpose of team-building. He also delegate tasks to breed trust among team members by elaborating the project objectives so that each team member will be aware of what to do to achieve team goals with little or no interference. 4-Develop talent. In spite of the grand scale of Palmisano’s strategy, he kept his staff small, preferring to do without the executive assistant that other CEOs had employed. He surprised many in his company when he disbanded the 12-member Executive Management Committee on January 23, 2003. The committee had been in existence for 92 years and had served as a filter for high-level planning, but was much too slow for the new century. Palmisano replaced the committee with a new system of three teams, one focusing on operations, the second on strategy, and the third on technology. Palmisano ensure participation of all team members in formulation of strategic plan, ploy, action and style for the team. Strategic plan is what will act as guide for the operation of the team. He has shown that an effective team is artificially built and not naturally born. Instead of filling each team with top-level executives, he drew members from all divisions of the company and all levels of employment. One immediate effect of this restructuring was to draw a new generation of young men and women into the heart of IBM’s operations. He had been careful to groom a generation of leaders to follow his time and to create and develop their talent. 5-Create creativity. Palmisano planned to create a single integrated system of computers, software, and other electronic devices that would allow anyone to purchase any part of IBM’s services and use it with any other part. IBM created open-source software that altered a company’s need for servers dedicated to only one task. For example, a server dedicated to computing accounts might become overloaded, causing delays of hours or even days. IBM’s new software was designed to recognize when a server had reached its capacity and automatically redirect the excess work to other servers with available space. A key part of this strategy was that if the servers at the client’s company had no excess space, the overflow workload would be sent to IBM’s own computers, which would recognize any program that accessed them and silently perform the client’s work. Palmisano hoped to take this service to the next level, which would allow IBM’s computers to check the client’s computers for flaws automatically and fix them before anyone could notice them. 6-Develop direct rapport with customer. Palmisano was very good at engaging customers, because he has a reputation for making customers feel involved. He has a good understanding of IBM’s software, services and hardware business enabling faster responsiveness, creating better customer experiences, speeding office or mobile interactions, and dramatically reducing existing communications barriers. Palmisano announced his intention to make IBM a computer services-on-demand company. IBM would function like a utility, charging its customers for the use of data-centered web sites. IBM would create software capable of fixing clients’ software problems automatically online. The clients would pay only for the amount of services they used, in the same way they presently paid for utilities bills. Palmisano mounted his own personal campaign to make sure it was a success. He toured software companies and met designers to persuade them to devise new applications that would give it a competitive edge. When he became head of global services back in the ’90s, he blocked off 70% of his calendar for customer meetings, and he still speaks to at least one customer every single day. 4.0 Was it necessary to depart from the established way of doing things at IBM? Yes, it necessary for Sam Palmisano to shift from the established way to a new leadership style. The reason is simply because IBM has already been part of his life, so he wants to make sure that the company will prosper in the long run. Although IBM was stable at that time, Sam Palmisano believes that the traditional way was not enough to drive the company into more challenging business ahead. Furthermore, most of the top management including him will not around in few years and new successor should be discovered. Before the new leadership era, all the decisions tended to be made at the top, communicated downward and then implemented by the followers. Most of the time employees did not get change to involve in the decision making. Their responsibilities were just to execute all the decision instructed although they think it was not the most appropriate one. It was all about â€Å"one man show†. Immediately after in-charge, he delegated some of the decision making responsibilities downward. Sam Palmisano created teams made up of people from all levels in the company and put them in charge of operations, strategy and technology. He believes this teams that will drive and determine the destiny of IBM. This new leadership style will benefit the company in few ways. First, the company can get more brilliant ideas from the employees that cannot be seen by top management. It is important to gather as much as perspective possible because it would assist easier and better decision making. Indirectly, it will enhance creativity of the staffs which should not come for only an individual. Second, employees will be more motivated since they feel that all of their ideas are important and they can decide their own destiny. So, there will be no more bureaucratic corporate executive committee that decided almost everything previously. Then, IBM also can develop more new talent in the company that will guide the direction of the company in future which the old leadership way hardly to offer. Sam Palmisano believes that the best way in scouting good talent was by giving them some room to make own decision. All the success and mistakes will make them better and mature. Sam Palmisano also decided to shift from a centralized system to a decentralized system. His idea is that a company will no longer own and house its own computing system. It should include more open-source tools and different kind of ownership. His leadership created an outsourcing story in many places especially India. By making India the nerve centre servicing local markets through its global delivery network, it achieved the biggest ever non-linear growth. 5.0 Was it necessary for him to reach to the bottom of IBM? Definitely yes, because Sam Palmisano wants each teams from all levels in the company to take part to bring IBM back to greatness. This strategy has given each of them to participate directly or indirectly to revolutionize Big Blue to be a great company. It is important for him to understand the function of each level. With this understanding he can drive those departments to certain level which will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of each department. The advantages of this approach are to find a root cause of each problem. He can advise and manage his team how to overcome the problem very well so that they will able to manage it in the future. Sam Palmisano needs to delegate the responsibility to his top management. This style his top management will collaborate across organizational boundaries. He believes that more ideas would come out and shared rather than only top management decision if everyone participating. Sam Palmisano wants his subordinates to show their particip ant in decision making. He believes teams will be the engines of creativity. 6.0 Is this the case of a leader who is micro managing and interfering with operation? No, Sam Palmisano is not micro managing. Micro managing is â€Å"Closely observed or controls the work of an employee with less rooms for creativity, HRD, trust, responsibility and teamwork†. In this case, we can see that Sam Palmisano do questioned a lot deep into the organization. But his intention is to understand the situation better and not to decide on his own. He wants the top management involvement in contributing new idea in reshaping the IBM. It clearly shows that he need support and valued others opinion to make a better result in his decision making. It is a room of creativity in each decision he make to suit current situation. Once did says that â€Å"Two head is always better than one† For a classic example Orville and Wilbur Wright aka the Wright Brothers maybe cannot fly the first Flight in history if they did not joined their creative idea. Sam Palmisano also do rely in his executives to run IBM. He had abolish the Bureaucratic Corporate Executives Committee that held monthly meeting and overseas every strategic initiatives. It shows that Palmisano do want his executive to cooperate but not to details in making decision. Enough for them to understand the situation and control it. So it just make the decision more efficient and more fast at each level required. Palmisano had created a teams made up of people from all levels in the company and put them in charge in operations, strategy and technology. It shows that Palmisano really serious to make his subordinate to contribute their creativity and decision in each levels. He believes team will be the engine of creativity in IBM. This will definitely create efficiency and cut all the bureaucratic. It clearly exist from team work, responsibility, trust, human resource development and combined creativity. Palmisano strongly believes that creativity in large organization not coming from the celebrity CEO alone, it is from collaboration of team works. For instant the Toyota is strongly believes in their Toyota Production System (TPS) element, one of it is KAIZEN, a Continuous Improvement as our understanding. This Kaizen is happen in each level in Toyota. Where every each of their workers can contribute the continuous improvement in their process. Same goes to Palmisano where he try to create his team to go creative at each level in their own process and decision is more efficient without Bureaucratic Corporate Executives Committee interfere in their way. Another example GENBA in TPS is† Comedown to the location and understand the problem firsthand†. Genba encourage the management especially to understand the current situation at site or workplace. Not for them to jump to conclusion instead but for them to understand further about the situation or problem occur so that they can brainstorm to come out with brilliant idea. Same goes to Palmisano where he him selves go further in the organization to understand the situation first hand and then decide. Yet we never classify the Toyota Production System (TPS) as micro manage. So this strongly revealed that San Palmisano also is not micro managing IBM. 7.0 Conclusion Sam Palmisano had proved that he is an Effective Leaders where he successfully balances this three element of Mastery of Strategy, Ability to Execute Strategy and Develop Talent. With that element he had pulled back IBM back to greatness. With the clear vision Palmisano managed to turn IBM from a profit losing company to a middleware and enterprise software and solutions giant. He had turn the Autocratic way of leadership to Deligative type of leadership, where efficient is the key of success to the current demand market. There is no more Bureaucratic Executive committee involve in decision making. Thus he is not micromanaging his company but to understand it better and drive it back to success. For the past five years (2002-2011) Palmisano had become a great leader to IBM, he really shows high value (self-sacrifice) and high expectancy (self-confidence) in his organization. Before he retired he manages to portray a new vision â€Å"Smarter Planet† for IBM. He laid down what services and products would be needed; the company since then has built hundreds of reference customers around it. Despite of his greatness in portraying his vision to reality lie a true leader that manage to pull his downstream together to works towards the vision that they build together for the sake of IBM. He really shows a high structured and consideration in making IBM leading forward in their own field.

Lord of the Rings: the Ring’s Addiction Essay

â€Å"One ring to rule them all, One ring to find them/ One ring to bring them all and in the darkness blind them/ In the land of Mordor where the shadows lie.† (p. 8) This was said at the beginning of the story telling a brief summary of the ring of Sauron. The poem tells you how the ring will blind you to the point that the need that you will feel of it will be bigger than anything in the world. It will be so big that it becomes an addiction, worse than any drug in the word, because there is no cure for it, and the only way you can save yourself is by the destruction of this powerful ring. Addiction, this is what the ring symbolizes; a psychological need to have something. It changes everything in you. First, it wins you over and then, you will never be the same person. Addiction can change anyone from the best person you have ever known to the worst. It controls and blinds you to the point where you lose yourself. We see this addiction mostly in every character in the story; even the most powerful were tempted by it. In the book we see the addiction of the ring in many different ways throughout many different characters; three of these different ways are: the possession of it, the fear of losing it, and the wanting of it. We first see the change of the characters when they have in possession of it throughout Gollum and Bilbo, then throughout the story we begin to see it in Frodo, but it will grow stronger and stronger every second of every day. Gollum wasn’t always this repulsive creature, but he was a regular hobbit named Smeagol; he was just another victim of the ring. He possessed the ring for approximately five hundred years, and not much of a surprise this ring ruined him fiscally and emotionally. The fist terrible thing he did for the possession of the ring was to kill his brother; then he went to a cave and stood there all alone with only the company of â€Å"his precious†, the ring of Sauron. He turned from this hobbit to an old deformed nasty creature who was kept alive because of the ring, he became a cannibal, he only lived to see that ring every day, and since the first time he saw the ring he was just another slave, another addict to that â€Å"drug†. He now has two sides, Gollum and Smeagol. Gollum was his nasty evil side who was created by the ring and the possession of it for so long, and Smeagol was his still hobbit side which was innocent and in a way bullied and ruled by Gollum; he was a slave in him own body and he couldn’t control himself anymore, because he was loosing sense of who he was. Some may say Gollum is pure evil and deserved to die, like Frodo said at the beginning of the story. We see in the story that Tolkien never referred to Gollum as Smeagol because even though he may fool others and even himself Gollum had evil in him, and that would never change. We also see changes in Bilbo Baggins, but not as big as a change like we see in Smeagol, maybe because Smeagol had it for a longer time and was all alone in a cave for several years. Bilbo’s change wasn’t so big, he had to feel the ring close to him always but he didn’t lose himself as much as Smeagol. This doesn’t change the fact that he was obsessed by the ring. In â€Å"The Fellowship of the Ring† we see Bilbo’s change when Gandalf asks him to leave to ring to Bilbo as he has left everything else, and because of that Bilbo shouts to Gandalf, â€Å"Well, if you want the ring yourself say so! But you won’t get it. I won’t give my Precious away, I tell you.†(p. 34). This is when we see that hint of Gollum in Bilbo, when he calls the ring his Preci ous, a clear sign that he is transforming into Gollum one day at a time. Gandalf was very shocked and got very angry because he could not believe what he heard and how his old friend Bilbo believes he was convincing him to leave the ring for his own pleasure, when he was only trying to convince him so that he would not turn into Gollum or anything near him (but he almost did). He finally left the ring to his nephew, but with Frodo we don’t actually see a change in him throughout these two books but we do see how the ring is temping him to put it on so Sauron can find it, we also see how Frodo is very protective of the ring, such as Bilbo and Gollum, who thought that everyone was going to take it away from them (and sometimes, actually most of the time it was a true feeling). Another change we see because of this addiction is the fear of losing it. Like all Drug addicts, when you don’t have the drug, and you desperately need it you transform into another person who would do anything to have the â€Å"drug† (in this case the ring); again, the best example for this is Gollum who even after losing the ring always followed Frodo through the entire story with the hope of having the chance of taking the ring back so he can again be with â€Å"his preciousâ€Å". In the book we see that in many parts Frodo and others of the company like Gandalf and Strider see a shadow of a creature following them and in time Gandalf explained that it is actually Gollum. He will never accept the fact that the ring is with someone else because he needs it, he needs his drug. Finally the last type of addiction we see is the wanting of the ring. We see this addiction in many characters, even in people in the company of the ring especially in Boromir the general of Gondor. We see the this need of Boromir in taking the ring away from Frodo mostly at the end of the story when he transforms himself into this violent person because he wanted the ring from Frodo supposedly to save his people. Two of the most impressive changes we see in Gandalf and Galadriel, but their wills were strong enough to pass the test and succeed in denying the ring. In Gandalf we see it at the beginning of the story when Frodo was very scared and offers Gandalf this powerful ring. Even though he was very tempted by the ring in the book he said, â€Å"No! With that power I should have power too great and terrible. And over me the ring will gain a power still greater and more deadly† (p. 61). This showed how strong he really was and with this he passed the test. With Galadriel we see it later in the book when Frodo said to her, â€Å"You are wise and fearless and fair, Lady Galadriel. I will give you the one ring if you ask for it.† (p. 365). After this she explains that her heart desires the ring very much and now she is being offered it freely by Frodo and then she said, â€Å"†¦And I shall not be dark, but beautiful and terrible as the morning and the night! Fair as the sea and the sun and the snow upon the mountain! Dreadful as the storm and the lightning! Stronger than the foundations of the earth. All shall love me and despair.†(p. 365). She transformed herself as the ring was trying to control her, but she managed to control the urge of having the most powerful ring and passed the test. An addict can only save himself with the elimination of the drug and a strong will power to continue without it; this also applies to this powerful ring of Sauron; the only way to overcome this wanting is to have these qualities and much more. Because the ring is so powerful one person alone cannot succeed in destroying it, this is why the company of the ring was created. Throughout the story many people wanted Frodo to fail just so they could get the ring, this was how strong the addiction was, but there would always be those who their will power was strong enough to succeed, and those few are the ones who will accompany you to the end; these few are a need in adventures like this, because the ring is so powerful that one person alone cannot do the job. In this case it was Samwise Gamgee who told Frodo in the story when he was planning to leave, â€Å"†¦All alone and without me to help you? I couldn’t have a borne it, it’s have been the death of me.†(p.406). T he little hobbit demonstrated how friendship can overcome any addiction in the world and that with the help of a true friend we can overcome every struggle and every blinding need that we would ever have. References: Tolkien J.R.R. (2005). The Lord of the Rings (50th anniversary). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Uncertainty Reduction Theory Annotated Bibliography

Theory & Rhetoric Annotated Bibliography Uncertainty Reduction Theory 1). Witt, P. , & Behnke, R. (2006). Anticipatory Speech Anxiety as a Function of Public Speaking Assignment Type. Communication Education, 55(2), 167-177. doi:10. 1080/03634520600566074. * Research Questions: -Why does public speaking generate anticipatory anxiety? -Is public speaking anxiety dependent on assignment type? -How can anticipatory public speaking anxiety be controlled? Key Terms: Public Speaking, Speech Anxiety, State Anxiety, Trait Anxiety, Assignment Type * Thesis: Most individuals who enroll in communication courses do so in order to improve their presentational skills and to increase the enjoyment that they derive from their communication performances. * Theoretical Perspective: -Uncertainty Reduction Theory -Interpretive * Case Studies: -185 undergrads in entry level communication performance course -171 undergrads in entry level communication performance course * Implications: Therapeutic Intervention, Pedagogical Application * Future Research Questions: Can anticipatory public speaking anxiety not only be controlled but eliminated? -Is there any method that can help change trait anxiety as easily as state anxiety? -How can a better understanding of trait anxiety help ease anticipatory anxiety? 2). Pratt, L. , & Wiseman, R. (1999). Interrogative strategies and information exchange in computer-mediated communication.Communication Quarterly, 47(1), 46-66. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. * Research Questions: -Is there a difference between face-to-face communication and computer mediated communication? How does age coincide with computer mediated communication? -Are different styles of computer mediated communication dependent on geographical location? * Key Terms: Uncertainty Reduction, Asynchronous Communication, Interrogative Strategies, Question Typologies, Content Analysis * Thesis: Results suggest that the interrogative strategies we engage in to achieve interpersonal connectedness are sometimes different in computer-mediated communication (CMC) and a new standard for transacting relational message exchange may be emerging. * Theoretical Perspective: -Interpretive -Social Exchange Theory* Case Studies: 200 â€Å"epals† selected for content analysis of their emails to each other -316 messages analyzed between 10 pairs of â€Å"epals† * Implications: -People react differently to emails because they lack the requirement for an immediate response. -The shorter the time between a sent and read email will increase the chance of response. * Future Research Questions: -Why do â€Å"epals† want to know about others attitudes and opinions? -Is the medium redefining the type of message we send? – Is the quality of selective message construction found in asynchronous e-mail (Walther, 1996a) producing a new standard for interpersonal connectedness? ). Goldsmith, D. (2001). A Normative Approach to the Stu dy of Uncertainty and Communication. Journal of Communication, 51(3), 514. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. * Research Questions: -How can uncertainty reduction theory be applied outside of stranger to stranger interactions? -How do different communities treat uncertainty in communication? -What are the different levels of uncertainty in communication?* Key Terms: Frequency of Communication Behaviors, Level of Uncertainty, Level of Relational Qualities * Thesis: A normative pproach entails a shift in focus from measuring level of uncertainty to examining multiple and potentially conflicting meanings of uncertainty, a shift from measuring communication behaviors to evaluating communication practices, and a shift from predicting what people will do to predicting and explaining the effectiveness and appropriateness of what they do in response of uncertainty. * Theoretical Perspective: -Interpretive -Critical * Case Studies: -Puerto Rican Community -Western Apache Commu nity -Malagasy Community -White, College Educated North Americans* Implications: Uncertainty is a fundamental human experience. -Different communities react to communication uncertainty differently. -Uncertainty is not static there are many forms of uncertainty that need to be taken into consideration differently. * Future Research Questions: -What can uncertainty in other cultures teach us about our own uncertainty? -How has uncertainty in communication changed over time? -How does the frequency of behaviors affect the overall uncertainty of a relationship? 4). Maguire, K. (2007). â€Å"Will It Ever End? â€Å": A (Re)examination of Uncertainty in College Student Long-Distance Dating Relationships.Communication Quarterly, 55(4), 415-432. doi:10. 1080/01463370701658002. * Research Questions: -How does a long distance relationship affect a person’s daily life? -What kinds of uncertainty do long distance relationships lead to? -How does an individual in a long distance relati onship cope with stress compared to someone in a close relationship? * Key Terms: Coping, Distress, Long-Distance Relationships, Relationship Satisfaction, Uncertainty * Thesis: Research in the area of stress and coping suggests that a close relationship with a romantic partner helps individuals cope with stress * Theoretical Perspective: Uncertainty Reduction Theory -Uncertainty Management Theory -Interpretive* Case Studies: -Undergrads from a South-Central college -Norton’s Quality Marriage Index * Implications: -Any relationship where the partner is too far to visit every day is considered a long distance relationship. – Close relationships are more successful than long distance relationships. -Uncertainty is not inherently problematic in long distance relationships * Future Research Questions: -What can be done to ensure success in a long distance relationship in terms of uncertainty? Why is the visual/physical aspect of a relationship over power the uncertainty fo und in long distance relationships? -How is relational uncertainty not inherently an unwanted state? 5). Brumfield, E. (2008). Using Online Tutorials to Reduce Uncertainty in Information Seeking Behavior. Journal of Library Administration, 48(3/4), 365-377. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. * Research Questions: -How does asynchronous delivery differ from synchronous delivery? -How does the length of the tutorial affect its overall effectiveness?How does the design of the tutorial affect its quantity of use? Key Terms: Distance Learners, Distance Education, Information Seeking Behavior, Online Tutorials * Thesis: Information seeking behavior results from a determination of an information need and the realization that there is insufficient knowledge to address that need.. * Theoretical Perspective: -Uncertainty Reduction Theory -Interpretive * Case Studies: -Wilson, Ford Research -A&M University -Stephen F. Austin University * Implications: -The overall effectiven ess of tutorials is dependent on a large number of variables such as visual appeal. –The students skill and attitude play a big role it a tutorials effectiveness. Future Research Questions: -What can be done to help improve student’s attitudes towards tutorials? -How has the introduction of these tutorials help reduce uncertainty in personal relationships? -Can these findings be applied to cultures other than our own? 6). Rubin, R. , & McHugh, M. (1987). Development of Parasocial Interaction Relationships. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 31(3), 279-292. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. * Research Questions: -How do viewers become attached to specific television characters? Are there any universal qualities that attract viewers to characters? -How can uncertainty reduction and uses and gratification theory help explain these character to viewer relations?* Key Terms: Social Interaction, Uncertainty, Interpersonal Communication, Telev ision Characters * Thesis: This investigation explored the possibility of a parallel pattern of relationship development with media characters, applying principles from both uses and gratifications and uncertainty reduction theories to understand further the development of parasocial interaction relationships. Theoretical Perspective: -Interpretive -Critical -Uses and Gratification Theory * Case Studies: – Parasocial Interaction Scale Survey Study -The 15 Item Scale Study * Implications: -Social attraction is key in developing parasocial interaction relationships. -Attraction occurs through a great level of exposure to a character. -Relationship importance is a construct that differs from attraction. * Future Research Questions: –How can the findings of these studies be applied to network television? How does the uncertainty reduction theory apply to non face-to-face relationships such as in a television character? – How can the results of these studies relate t o the concept of market research? 7). Theiss, J. , & Solomon, D. (2008). Parsing the Mechanisms that Increase Relational Intimacy: The Effects of Uncertainty Amount, Open Communication About Uncertainty, and the Reduction of Uncertainty. Human Communication Research, 34(4), 625-654. doi:10. 1111/j. 1468-2958. 2008. 00335. x. * Research Questions: Why are there 3 competing mechanisms that affect the amount of intimacy in romantic relationships? -Which of the 3 mechanisms is the most effective in romantic relationships? -Are there any variables that interrupt the effectiveness of the 3 mechanisms? * Key Terms: Uncertainty, Intimacy, Interpersonal Relations,* Thesis: Uncertainty and its management hold a prominent place in the study of interpersonal communication. * Theoretical Perspective: -Interpretive -Critical -Uncertainty Reduction Theory * Case Studies: -Longitudinal Study Distinguishing Uncertainty Implications: -There is something inherently rewarding about the process in r educing uncertainty. -Openness of communication about uncertainty has a positive impact on perceptions of intimacy. -The uncertainty reduction process is perceived as rewarding in close relationships. * Future Research Questions: -How can the findings of this study help intimate relationships in turmoil? -Are there any other factors that affect intimate relationships outside of the 3 mechanisms discussed in this study? -Are there any instances contrary to this study?