The Voice, The Flood And The Turtle, And Genesis - 1866 Words

The two flood myths, The Voice, The Flood, and The Turtle, and Genesis follow a similar story line as they attempt to depict the punishment placed upon humans for their misconduct on Earth. The myth tells the tale of how a certain figures suffer the consequences of their actions. These flood myths present the idea of a select group people receive a warning from a higher being telling them to construct a form of shelter that will protect them from a flood that will be used to wipe out the people, or monsters, that are behaving poorly. The The Voice, The Flood, and The Turtle tells the story of a woman who bares four monstrous children. These four children are seen as a threat to the people around them because as they grow up they end up†¦show more content†¦The general idea of both stories follows the idea of punishment for one’s unacceptable behavior. In the first flood myth, the idea of four monsters morphing into one large beast is presented. This large beast is supposed to represent society as a whole. When society adapts malicious intentions and negative traits, a higher being decides whether or not a â€Å"cleansing† of society is necessary to improve the planet. Similarly, the story of Genesis follows the idea that humans have begun to behave in an irrational and shameful manner, so God creates a flood to punish the humans who had behaved poorly. â€Å"Now the earth was corrupt in God’s sight and was full of violence. God saw how corrupt the earth had become, for all the peopl e on earth had corrupted their ways.† Another similarity seen between both of the myths is presentation of a selected family to survive the flood by receiving a warning. This group is responsible for the repopulation of the planet and salvation of the animals. For example, in The Voice, The Flood, and The Turtle, the voice states: â€Å"Now you have everything you need. Now you can live. Now you have children and form a new generation.† In the story of Genesis, God believes Noah and is family are the only ones who deserved to live because they did not act in the same fashion as their peers. Once the flood passes, God says: â€Å"Be fruitful and increase in number and fill the earth.† Genesis and

Comparison Between Directed and Reported Speech Free Essays

DIRECT SPEECH VS. REPORTED SPEECH There are two ways to report what someone says or thinks; 1. Direct speech shows a person’s exact words. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison Between Directed and Reported Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now Quotation marks (â€Å". . . †) are a sign that the words are the same words that a person used. For example: Madison: What do you want to eat for lunch? Jason: I think I will have hamburger. Direct speech: Maria asked, â€Å"What do you want to eat for lunch? † Jason replied, â€Å"I think I will have hamburger. † 2. Reported speech (Indirect speech) puts the speaker’s words or ideas into a sentence without quotation marks. Noun clauses are usually used. For example: Madison: What do you want to eat for lunch? Jason: I think I will have hamburger. Reported speech: Madison asked Jason What he wanted for lunch. Jason said that he was thinking of having hamburger for lunch. COMPASRISON BETWEEN DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH 1. 0 VERB TENSE IN REPORTED SPEECH DIRECT SPEECH| REPORTED SPEECH| simple present past present perfect will can | simple past past perfectpast perfect wouldcould| Quotation Reported speech â€Å"I am hungry. † She stated that she was hungry. â€Å"The exam will be next week. † Dr. Jones said the exam will be next week 2. QUESTIONS IN REPORTED SPEECH a. Word order: The word order in a reported question is the same as in a statement. The subject comes before the verb. b. Punctuation: If the sentence is a statement, it end with a period (. ) even if it contains a reported question. c. To change a yes/no question to a noun clause in reported speech, introduce the noun clause with if or whether. Whether or not m ay also be used. d. To change an information question to a noun clause in reported speech, begin the noun clause with the question word, DIRECT SPEECH| REPORTED SPEECH| * Question: Are you ready? Statement: I am ready. * â€Å"Did you turn off the coffee pot? † * â€Å"Is supper ready? † * â€Å"Where do they live? † * â€Å"When did you call? † | * She wanted to know if I was ready. * I asked Amy if she had turned off the coffee. * Eli wanted to know whether supper was ready. * Abdul wanted to know where they live. * Sharon asked me when I had called. | 3. 0 PRONOUNS Since the person who is reporting what someone said is usually different from the person who made the original statement, pronouns in reported speech often change. DIRECT SPEECH| REPORTED SPEECH| * â€Å"I am hungry. † * â€Å"Where will you be? † | * George said he was hungry. * Bill wanted to know where I would be. | 4. 0 PLACE AND TIME Changes in place and time words depend on changes in the situation between direct and reported speech. DIRECT SPEECH| REPORTED SPEECH| * â€Å"I don’t like this book. † * â€Å"I’ll see you tomorrow. † (spoken on Thursday) | * Jaime said he didn’t like that book. * Michiko said she would see me today. (spoken on Friday) Michiko said she would see me yesterday. (spoken on Saturday)| 5. 0 INFINITIVES . Infinitives (to + the simple form of the verb) may sometimes be used instead of noun clauses. b. Commands can be reported two ways: 1. a noun clause with a modal (usually should) 2. an infinitive c. Requests for action or permission can be reported two ways: 1. a noun clause with if 2. an infinitive DIRECT SPEECH| REPORTED SPEECH| * â€Å"Call me when you get home. † * Action: â€Å"Will you carry the box for me? † * Permission: â€Å"Can I make an appointment? † | * -She said that we should call her when we get home. -She said to call her when we get home. -She asked me if I would carry the box for her. * -She asked me to carry the box for her. * -The student asked if he could make an appointment. -The student asked to make an appointment. | 6. 0 RECOMMEND AND SUGGEST The subjunctive, or base, form of the verb (no tense, without to) is used in reported speech when the main verb is recommend or suggest. DIRECT SPEECH| REPORTED SPEECH| * â€Å"You should arrive early. † * â€Å"Don’t wait to apply. † | * Jason recommended that we arrive early. * Anna recommended that I not wait to apply. | How to cite Comparison Between Directed and Reported Speech, Essay examples

Left Sided Heart Failure

Question: Discuss the underlying pathophysiology (disease process) of the case that relates to your chosen key aspects, such as the cause, compensation, symptoms, consequences. You then explain HOW your medication would work to prevent or treat these aspects, and again focus on the pathophysiology (how the disease process will be prevented or treated by your medication). Answer: The new hypothetical imaginary medication One of the of the symptoms that Simon is likely to have is shortness of breath. Shortness of breath is a risk to the function of the heart that cannot be ignored at any point. In this case, it occurs when the blood in the pulmonary capillary from the left side of the heart flows back into pulmonary interstitium. This the extravasation of blood to the pulmonary interstitium reduces the ability of the pulmonary to comply to the blood flowing into it. The eventuality would be increased airway resistance. In the same breath, as this pulmonary compliance decreases and develops airway resistance, the ventilator drive increases and it leads to hypoxemia. Hypoxemia is a consequence of increased pulmonary capillary pressures and ventilation mismatch due to insufficient carbon dioxide. When the airways of the pulmonary interstitium are blocked it means that the exchange of gases in the blood shall be reduced. When little oxygenated blood shall reach the heart the heart and the brains. The eventuality would lack of enough oxygen to support breathing. Therefore, My Choco which is basically dark chocolate can help remedy shortness of breath. It has flavanols which stimulate the endothelium or the lining of arteries, to produce Nitric Oxide. This Nitric Oxide play a crucial function, it would instruct the arteries to relax, which eventually allows for blood flow and reduces blood pressure in the pulmonary capillary (ESSELSTYN, 2007). Consequently, respiration shall be normalized in the body, hence reducing shortness of breath suffering is experiencing. Liven Alkaline Coffee Simons weight is putting his heart at risk. The left ventricle can properly function to transport oxygenated blood to the heart due to the overweight of Simon. There is a high possibility that his weight is the first worsening this left-sided heart failure. It appears like his left ventricle diameter has reduced or constricted further. In this situation, a quick fix is required. With this weight, Simon experiences fatigue. Fatigue occurs when the left side of the heart fails to transport sufficient oxygenated blood to the heart, which is then circulated to other body parts like joints. Now that there is reduced oxygenated blood supply, the heart shall only supply the little oxygenated blood to a few key organs like kidney and leave legs or arms and other joints with no oxygenated blood, hence fatigue. Therefore, the liven alkaline shall be able to reduce the weight of Simon, which will ultimately dilate the left ventricle, hence increasing blood flow (ASPREY, 2014). This coffee has c affeine which burns calories to reduce the fats constricting the left ventricle. References ESSELSTYN, C. B. (2007). Prevent and reverse heart disease: the revolutionary, scientifically proven, nutrition-based cure. New York, Avery. ASPREY, D. (2014). The bulletproof diet: lose up to a pound a day, reclaim energy and focus, upgrade your life.

The glass Menagerie By T Williams Essay Example

The glass Menagerie By T Williams Essay The glass menagerie is a play written by Tennessee Williams in the mid 1940s and is what many consider to be his best ever work. Like many of his plays, The Glass Menagerie is set in the south of Northern America and consists of five characters. The play is said to mirror Tennessees life very closely as he was brought up with an overbearing mother, a disabled sister and devoid of a father figure in his life. The play shows the Tom characters struggle for independence and freedom from his current existence. The entire play is centred on two of the five characters, even though one of these characters, the gentleman caller, only arrives in the final scenes, and the father, who is illusive throughout the entire play but is mentioned and referred to throughout. For the performance piece, I played the character of Amanda, Toms imperious mother. The scene that we performed was directly after a scene where Tom and Amanda had had a furious argument with Amanda and Tom both saying how they truly felt about how the other one treats and acts towards them. Our scene starts with lots of stage directions that truly build up the tension between Tom and Amanda that grows and grows with the silence and the physical distance between them, and is only broken by Tom breaking this strain of characters by saying the first sorry. We will write a custom essay sample on The glass Menagerie By T Williams specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The glass Menagerie By T Williams specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The glass Menagerie By T Williams specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There is very strong sub- text to the scene that is shown more in the stage directions then in the text. The sub- text being that Amanda was truly hurt by the things that Tom had said to her and is genuinely terrified that she will once again be left another loved one, but this does not mean that she is scarred because she will miss her son solely as a mother, but because the more manipulative, self centred side of her will miss him as the provider and the bread-winner. This sub- text is apparent when she turns the conversation from Toms love of the movies to how he should completely forget about his own aspirations and dreams and concentrate more on his job, most young men find adventure in their careers. which is paying for the house which he coincidently he shares with his mother and sister. The main plot in the scene is not set and changes from Tom apologising to his mother, to her trying to talk to him about Laura, to them both ultimately arguing about what they where arguing about in the previous scene. I played the character of Amanda to demonstrate the plot and the sub-text by using the dialogue and the stage directions that are given and exaggerated them slightly as the play is that of memory and is not a realistic play. I used facial expressions to display the way I felt about the way the conversation was going and to show the way that my character was feeling, such as the look of embarrassment when she asks Tom, promise me son that you will never be a drunkard. I think that while asking Tom this Amanda has an uncomfortable look because that is how she feels, she thinks that Tom may dismiss her worries as a load of over the top dramatisation that his is so used to seeing from his mother, or because she is revealing one of her biggest fears to her son, that stems from her husband leaving her, and will also expose an extremely venerable side of her that her son has probably never seen to her before. The start of the scene is one of the most important parts, as it is the part that has the most stage directions in it. The stage directions that were given told me that I should play Amanda as a hard character, I showed this by turning away from Tom as soon as he entered the room, and saying like this throughout, until he apologised. When he did apologise I remained facing away from him because even though Amanda was crying, Tom had given her the higher status by making amends first, and I feel that Amanda is a character that would want to hold on to the higher status for as long as she could, and by turning away from Tom she is keeping him in suspense as to how she is going to react to his request for forgiveness. The staging of the scene is very simple as the entire play is a memory and is therefore very selective. The set for this scene is a small dining table and two chairs. All of the props are mimed as directed at the very beginning of the play. The audience were end on as we felt that they could then see all of the facial expressions and gestures better in this type of staging. The only entrance made is from Tom as we thought that is would be better if Amanda was already in the scene, that way the audience would be able to see the contrast between how she behaves and her body language is before Tom is in the scene, and how she is and how they are towards each other after he has entered. There is a moment at the very beginning of the play where there is no dialogue but lots of stage directions. This creates a very tense atmosphere as neither of our characters was doing a lot of movement, but because they have just had a dispute and you can see that Tom is going to make an attempt to talk or apologise to Amanda it builds and builds the tension so much that with every failed attempt Tom makes, the atmosphere is at breaking point, until Tom actually speaks and it is somewhat of an anti-climax as all of a sudden all of the dramatic tension is lost and Amanda cries. This section as an opening to the scene also shows pace as well, as the pace in the beginning is very slow and almost not moving at all, as where in the middle of the scene where Tom and Amanda have started arguing again the pace is very quick with lines overlapping. This also created a tense atmosphere between our two characters but in a different way to the start of the scene. The moment in the middle of the play where Amanda changes from the nicer Amanda back to the familiar aggressive Amanda, I made a long pause to show that a change had occurred, and also to allow time for the audience to take in what had happened in the scene and what would happen. I tried to make the change in her personality clear also by using lots of facial expressions.

Develop strategies of communication for maximizing Essays (1770 words)

Develop strategies of communication for maximizing Essays (1770 words) Develop strategies of communication for maximizing impact to interactions more productive . 1, understand your audience 2, Know the knowledge of the receivers avoid giving the inf ormation they already know (decrease the effectiveness of communication) 3, Avoid giving highly specialized information (not confused easy to understand) 4, Consider the reasons and the desired result when devising an initial strategy (prioritize your purpose when you have more than one purposes) 5, Avoid irrelevant information sales agent describe the feature of product forget to ask order 6, Effective communication is about more than just exchanging information. It's about understanding the emotion and intentions behind the information. As well as being able to clearly convey a message, you need to also listen in a way that gains the full meaning of what's being said, builds trust, and makes the other person feel heard and understood. Not focus on what they say - be an active listener Subtle intonation - how they feel emotion connect with the people Provide feedback Nonverbal signals (gesture eye contact body language tone ) Speak clearly and concisely get someone to respond to you in a positive mannerNo one is going to want to talk to you if you sigh, roll your eyes, or seem otherwise impatient or bored while they are trying to convey their information. This can actually be as simple as maintaining eye contact, and modifying your body language to appear attentive and interested Learn the characteristics of behavioral styles and determine how style differences impact interactions and relationships. Companies today are expanding the role of teams in the workplace in an effort to empower employees and improve organizational effectiveness. The more we try to work as a team, the more important it becomes to recognize that people exhibit different behavioral styles. I use the term "behavioral style", purposely avoiding the terms "personality" or "attitude", because unless we are psychiatrists or psychologists, we are not qualified to evaluate such things. All that we can see and deal with is a person's behavior. There are four major behavioral styles: analytical, amiable, driver and expressive. Please note that I am using an extreme simplification of each particular style. It is doubtful that all people of a particular behavioral style exhibit all of the characteristics portrayed. AnalyticalThis behavioral style is noted for the ability to gather and review data. This style is typical of people in technical positions such as engineering, accounting and information technology. Details and accuracy are important to these people, and they take great pride in providing information that is correct. Skills:Analyticals are persistent and don't mind spending extra time to make sure things are right. For the most part, they are orderly and present ideas or solutions in an orderly manner. Caution:Due to their desire for accuracy and attention to detail, analyticals can come across as indecisive. They can also be critical of solutions that veer from what the "facts" say. They have little use for gut feelings and may go to great lengths to avoid dealing with those who do. Favorite word:Why? Best Performance:Allow them sufficient time to gather and interpret information. AmiableAmiables are highly supportive individuals interested in establishing and maintaining relationships in an organization. This behavioral style is typical of employees in human resources and social or medical services. Skills:Amiables are great at achieving consensus within an organization. They can effectively facilitate groups and bring sides together to develop a win/win solution. Caution:Sometimes an amiable person's desire to reach agreement may cause the person to conform too easily, intent in maintaining relationships rather than reaching the best solution. Favorite word:We. Best Performance:Encourage amiables to initiate and stand behind their ideas. Allow them to maintain relationships in the organization. DriverDrivers, as the name implies, are often the driving force behind getting things done in an organization. They are results-oriented individuals who are motivated by goals. Drivers typically gravitate to positions in management and sales. Skills:Drivers are effective at time management, seeming to possess an innate ability to devote just the right amount of time and effort to things that need to be done. Drivers rarely struggle with making decisions. Caution:Because they are so driven for success in a timely manner, drivers may neglect the impact that their actions have on others. They may be viewed as willing to

Bayaning 3rd World

The most common thing or if I may say the only thing that people answer when you ask them about Jose Rizal is that he is our national hero— idol and he is found in our 1-peso coin— icon. Sad to say that, in our modern times today, people have very limited knowledge about our national hero. The facts above are the only two things most of us know about Jose Rizal but for historians and experts; they have so much adjectives to connect with our national hero. Bayaning Third World, a â€Å"detective† story about Rizal being Philippine’s National Hero. Commenting on the movie per se, at first I thought it was some boring documentary about Rizal but understanding the facts exposed made me interested. The film was in black and white but it didn’t hindered my amusement because of the funny way they presented the most serious facts about Rizal. The movie was easy to understand if you were able to read about his life story or if you have tackled his life in your Filipino or Rizal subject but if not, you may get confused. Good thing, I have read and we have tackled his life in our lecture— that helped me follow through the film. This film also highlighted Rizal being a â€Å"Pilosopo† which reflected the Filipino attitude both in a good and not so good way. They also showed Rizal’s letters and documents which was commonly taken for granted to unveil the truth about his controversies. The movie made it â€Å"viewer-friendly† by face to face interviews with the persons involved and that is why I appreciated Rizal’s significant others behind their names. The main point stressed in this film was Rizal’s Retraction, which involved his marriage to Josephine Bracken and the rumors about her being a spy for the friars. There were many possibilities and speculations brought about in this film, which also made me, think. First point, they said that Rizal died a catholic despite of him being a mason through his signed letter, others said that the letter was real but the signature was forged given the fact that Rizal’s signature was easy to copy. On the other hand, some said that the letter was completely invalid and was just made by the insecure and threatened friars to destroy Rizal’s reputation. Second point, if you would ask me if he really retracted or not, for me, it doesn’t matter because as long as his death gave credence to what he believed, fought for our democracy and his convictions, Retraction really doesn’t make him less of a hero. I believe that Rizal only became a mason because he was against the government, which happened to be the church and vice-versa. He isn’t against about God and Catholicism per se but in the â€Å"supposedly† instruments of God’s love and greatness which were the priests who were ruthless to the Filipino people. Also, he was against the people who sold their religion for wealth and for people who exchanged their religion for power . At the part where in Rizal almost burn the manuscript of Noli Me Tangere made me think that it was a symbol of him letting go of what he strongly believed in connection to him not involved with â€Å"Himagsikan†. He became hopeless and I think he became afraid of death, probably, However, since he continued the publishing of Noli Me Tangere, I believe, he gained back his strong convictions regarding our democracy and showed his nationalism and patriotism. I thought what I know about Rizal was enough to understand his life, works and writing but having finished this independent film widened my understanding not only for Rizal’s positive sides but also for his flaws. Jose Rizal being a national hero considering his great influence not only in the Philippines but to other countries he had gone also with his works, the great impact he left with our history as a country and culture as its citizen, his weight to some indigenous religions also has his own flaws and faults because he is also a human being capable of doing those things. Less people know Rizal’s â€Å"dark side†Ã¢â‚¬â€ controversies, I myself was one of those before I watched this film. We were focused on his good side, his achievements and contributions for the betterment of our country but having the chance to know his flaws which until now haunts him, we must understand him and not condone the fact that he was still a human being. Rizal really don’t want to be a hero, he just wanted to prove his great passion and love for our country. Indeed, Rizal chose to die because it was one way to give weight to his beliefs and philosophy. We all have our own Rizal. We have different perceptions and understanding regarding his life, works and writings. As for me, though he is not as â€Å"perfect† as a national hero should be, I still salute and look up to him for his immense contributions and grand legacy which is applicable until now. Despite his imperfection, it didn’t lessen his heroism. In fact, his controversies made his life more interesting and it only made him more famous not only during his time but now and in the future generations. I didn’t get surprised that many critiqued his life but for me he is still the 3rd world hero of all time. How can we become Rizal in our own little ways? By following simple rules and regulations and by paying the right tax. There are a lot more and it is up to you to think of whatever way it suites you. Let us be a modern-day Rizal to continue his legacy for the future generation. Bayaning Third World is a film of substance. It is very appealing and is highly recommended for other students studying Rizal. It is effective for my learning. Even if our 1-peso coin is in constant devaluing, Rizal still remain number one in our hearts.

Jim Boeheim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jim Boeheim - Essay Example Born in 1944, James Arthur Boeheim or famously known as Jim Boeheim is currently serving the men’s basketball team at the Syracuse University as the Head Coach (Waters, 2013). Having a huge experience in the field of sports and leadership, Boeheim has made the Orange team of the Syracuse University into the NCAA Tournament 30 times. Boeheim also guided the team for final four match appearances in 1987, 1996, 2003, and 2013 and the NCAA championship in 2003 (SyracuseUniveristy, 2014). Not only this, he has also guided the Syracuse men’s basketball team to nine ‘Big East’ regular season championships and five Big East Tournament Championships. Because of his strong coaching experience and his effective leadership skills, Boeheim is currently the second on the Wins List of Men’s NCAA Division I Coaches (Pitoniak, 2011). The 880th win of Boeheim was earned in 2012, surpassing the total of Dean Smith’s wins of 879. These wins are calculated for a head coach at a single school for his most wins (Baker, 2010). Boeheim has also served the United States men’s basketball team, during the World Championship of FIBA 1990, FIBA 2006, Summer Olympics in 2008, FIBA World Championship 2010, and the Summer Olympics of 2012 (Baker, 2010). He has also served as the chairman of the USA Basketball Men’s Junior National Committee during the period 2009 to 2012. He has the honor of being President of the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC). In September 2005, in recognition to his remarkable achievements  Boeheim was included in the Basketball Hall of Fame  in the field of basketball (Pitoniak, 2011). Jim Boeheim has guided the Orange team through various tournaments, both national and international and has brought home many titles (Pitoniak, 2011). It is because of his strong leadership skills and capabilities that the Orange team of the

Psychological Research Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Psychological Research Report - Essay Example The number of items remembered was recorded down. The results from the data collected show that, external stimulus affect one’s memory performance with (P=.045). The human memory is severely affected by external distractions. Many will say that they make mistakes in a location with high noise. The amount of noise has much influence on the way the memory performs according to Douglas, et al. (2000). Distractions and in particular loud noise have varying affects on memory performance. Various studies have indicated that loud noise distractions have both positive and negative affect on memory performance depending on its frequency (Agnes, H 2004). Others have come with the conclusions that distractions have no effect on a memory’s performance. A larger number of studies involving tasks that primarily use short term memory has shown that exposure to loud noise significantly affect memory performance more (Baker et al. 1993). This is attributed to the fact that, distractions will act to avert the degree of concentration. To begin with, a study by Dwivedi’s (1988) proves that, loud noise distractions influence memory performance. In this experiment, students were required to memorize some English words as their teacher spelt them. The teacher repeated them for several times with a different music volumes playing and the number of those that a student could remember against the sound strength was recorded. Results indicated that high intensity noise was significantly detrimental in memory performance than low noise. In addition, Winkler, L et al. (1996) agreed with Dwivedi. They examined the effects of radio noise during class work where students were required to read and answer some simple questions with a radio on during class. The question was again administered to the same students with the radio on. On marking the question and comparing the two performances, it was evident to them that,

Texting and Driving vs. Drunk Driving Essay Example for Free

Texting and Driving vs. Drunk Driving Essay Texting and Driving vs. Drunk Driving Over the last century, technology has helped society move forward, making things faster and easier. Having a vehicle has allowed people to reach a destination faster than they would if they had to ride a bike or even walk. Also the ability to now text using a cell phone speeds up the communication process even more. With all the new technological advances you have to many people taking advantage of it; by texting while they are driving to make business or personal communications even faster. On the other hand you have a new technological advance combined with the alcohol that has been around for ages. Drinking brings out a different side in every person. You have some people that are happy, outgoing, or funny drinkers. Then you have some people that are mad drinkers that want to fight any body that makes a joke about them. Last but certainly not least you have the stupid drinkers; these are the type of people that after drinking decide to get in their car and try and drive and put not only their selves, but many other people in danger. Both texting and driving, and driving under the influence are very dangerous, considering that you could not only kill yourself, but many more people also; but which is worse? The low number of scientific studies may be indicative of a general assumption that if talking on a mobile phone increases risk, then texting also increases risk, and probably more so, 89% of U. S. adults think that text messaging while driving is distracting, dangerous, and should be outlawed. (â€Å"Verifiabilityâ€Å")The AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety has released pol ling data that show that 87% of people consider texting and e-mailing while driving a very serious safety threat, almost equivalent to the 90% of those polled who consider drunk driving a threat. †. So why do people continue to text and drive and drive while intoxicated. With all test that have been conducted and the scary results, I don’t understand how people could stand to put their own lives at risk everyday. Another test conducted by the Transport Research Laboratory in London took it a step further. It found that drivers who sent a text had slower response times, and were more likely to drift in and out of lanes compared to drivers who were intoxicated. The study found that reaction times for those who sent a text while driving were 35 percent worse than when they drove without any distractions at all. When driving while intoxicated, the reaction time was only 12 percent worse than when the driver was sober and driving without any texting distractions (â€Å"Neiger†). The third test showed; At 35 miles an hour, Mr. Alterman’s average reaction time was . 57 seconds, but while texting it rose to 1. 36 seconds, more than twice his average reaction time of . 64 seconds while under the influence. Mr. Brown fared better, but his average reaction time of . 45 seconds rose to . 52 seconds while texting, worse than his average time of . 6 seconds while driving drunk. The results of the tests at 70 miles an hour were better in terms of reaction times. But at highway speeds, the extra distance traveled before coming to a complete stop was much greater. For example, Mr. Alterman traveled an average of four feet farther while driving drunk and an average of 70 feet farther while texting(â€Å"Changâ€Å"). As a research shows, texting and driving is much worse than driving while drunk. When you drive drunk it makes your reaction time a little slower and throws your balance off a little bit. But on the other hand texting and driving is much worse because, when you send or read a text you are taking your eyes completely of the road. Taking your eyes off the road can result in a very fatal car crash if you were to drift into the other lane, or if someone just decides to pull out in front of you; how would you know about it? Even though drunk driving is better than texting and driving, neither one of the two need to be done because you never know what could happen, and how many people you can hurt.

Raising the Driving Age 18 :: essays research papers

Raising the Driving Age to 18   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Changing the driving age is unreasonable I think. I am not saying that there is good in changing it. I am just saying that it isn't the best way to go. It gives teens freedom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think it's unreasonable because some sixteen-year-olds are responsible and can handle themselves. I think that there are crazies in every age when it comes to driving. I see so many middle aged and older people driving like mad people. They act as if nothing bad can happen to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I also believe that there is really no difference in an eighteen-year-old and a sixteen-year-old when it comes to driving. I am not saying that they aren't maturer. I am basically saying that a twelve-year-old can be a good driver. Changing it from sixteen to eighteen is not a drastic step. Maybe changing it to like twenty is different, but not eighteen. Most sixteen when they drive start out driving all right. When they get to seventeen and eighteen they may drive a little crazier but mostly they don’t change   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I also believe that teens being able to drive help them be more respectful people. I think that most of the people that get their driving license are responsible. I mean there are some bad apples, but every kid is not a bad apple. Having cars also keeps teens from hanging around places. If you have a car you don’t have to walk everywhere or bum a ride from your friends mom or your mom. It gives you a feel of confidence knowing that you can drive.

Why Did the Japanese Take over Manchuria?

There are a few reasons why the Japanese chose to take over Manchuria. One reason is that the Japanese had owed a rail line and had claimed that the Chinese had sabotaged the railway; this was called the Mukden incident. The Japanese then sent in their own troops to Manchuria and claimed that they had acted in self defence and were just resolving that issue.Another reason is that the Japanese had suffered from the great depression and was seeking a way to overcome the depression by expanding its empire, the Japanese was at the time being run by the military and therefore was building up its army and therefore the Japanese invaded Manchuria to show how powerful their military was.Finally, Japan felt they needed to take over Manchuria was because Manchuria had much raw materials and by making Manchuria part of Japan they would have an unlimited supply of resources that there country was in need of and they will be able to expand their economy and therefore Japan wouldn’t be in s uch an economical crisis. The League of Nations had responded by sending over some officers to asses which country was the aggressor although it was thought from beginning that Japan was the aggressive country.The league took a long time to respond and we see that the league wasn’t as powerful as before, as when they did impose economical sanctions Japan had not listened. Japan carried on with their invasion and the League was powerless to stop them as they had no army to stop them with. Another reason the League didn’t stop them was as they were a powerful country and we see that the league only sorted out successful disputes when dealing with countries that didn’t have much power.As well as that, Britain and France were also suffering from the great depression and focused on restoring their countries problems rather than sorting out disputes. Japan was also far away from Europe so the league didn’t feel as responsible to deal with the affairs that were not in Europe. One main reason the league was unsuccessful was because the Japanese had left the League of Nations when the League instructed them to leave and the League was then left powerless against them.The Leagues response indicated that they were weak in forcing a strong country to listen to them and as well the League was falling apart as all the major countries involved in the League were more interested to restore their country after the great depression than actually invest in the League and force its sanctions. The League was also powerless as when they had imposed economical sanctions it didn’t really destroy the country’s economy as Russia and the USA were not part of the league and as they were powerful countries their not being part of the League reflected on the Leagues ability to enforce these sanctions.

A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner

In a Rose for Emily, William Faulkner uses a variety of imagery and flashbacks to show the kind of woman Miss Emily is. The towns’ people all know of her based off their accounts and what they have heard of her home. Miss Emily was created to be an exceptional female figure. Feminists have fought for the right of women to be free from the old social restraints which have been in place for so long. A feminist believes a woman should be strong and independent. In some ways the main character, Emily, is this kind of woman, but for the most part she is portrayed as weak and fragile, though she is not.Miss Emily was pretty much a rebel. Miss Emily had written letters from the Mayor and other officials about taxes, which she ignored because she had â€Å"no taxes in Jefferson†. Miss Emily had a Negro house maid, which the mayor Colonel Satoris sought to be wrong. Colonel Satoris definitely proved to be sexist in many ways. Satoris believed â€Å"only women could believe itâ € , speaking about lies that only the men in the town could know the truth too about Emily’s dad. Emily was the ruler of the house, which was beyond social norms in that time. Being the one who ran the house, the woman banished the Mayor, townspeople, and sheriffs from her house. Faulkner proves Miss Emily’s power in many ways throughout the text.

How to Catch up on Your College Classes

How to Catch up on Your College Classes No matter where you go to college, youll inevitably face a semester (or two) where the workload moves from feeling overwhelming to actually being overwhelming. All of the reading, writing, lab time, papers, and exams- especially when combined with all you have to do for your other classes- becomes too much. Whether you fall behind because you mismanaged your time or because theres no possible way a reasonable person could manage all you were expected to do, one thing is clear: youre behind. What exactly are your options now? Assess the Damage Go through all of your classes- even if you think youre behind in only one or two- and make a quick list of things youve done (example: finished the reading through week three) as well as things you havent (example: started the research paper due next week). Remember, this isnt necessarily a list of what youll need to do next; its just a way to organize what material and assignments youve done and what youve missed. Look Down the Road You dont want to sabotage your own chances at catching up by inadvertently falling further behind. Look at your syllabi for each class for the next 4 to 6 weeks. Which major projects are coming down the pipe? What midterms, exams, or other big assignments do you need to plan for? Are there weeks with bigger reading loads than others, or less? Get a Master Calendar Going If you want to do well in college, youll need a time management system. Theres simply no way around that basic fact. And if youre behind in your classes, youll need some kind of large, master calendar you can use to coordinate your catch-up efforts. So whether its something online, something you print out, or something like a Google calendar, youll need to get something started ASAP. Prioritize Make separate lists for all of your classes–even the ones you arent behind on- about what youll need to do from here. First, look at all that you need to do to catch up (as suggested above). Second, look at all that you need to do in the next four to six weeks (also suggested previously). Pick the top two to three things you absolutely must do for each class. This likely means that all of the work you need to do wont get done, but thats okay: part of being in college is learning how to prioritize when necessary.   Make an Action Plan Take that master calendar you made, grab the list of priorities you created, and introduce them to one another. If, for example, you need to first outline chapters one to six so that you can then write your research paper next week, simply break it down. Which chapter will you do on what day? What is your goal date to complete it? When will you outline your paper, and when will you write it? When will you revise it? Telling yourself that you have to read all of the material before your paper is due is both too nebulous and completely overwhelming. However, telling yourself that you have an action plan and all you need to do is outline chapter 1 today makes it all manageable. When you have a solid plan to get back on track to meet your deadlines, youll be a lot less stressed. Stick With It Youre still behind, after all, which means you have a lot of work to do to make sure you pass your classes. It isnt easy to catch up, but you can do it- if you stick with it. It took more than one day for you to fall behind, which means it will take more than one day to catch up. Stick with your plan and adjust as necessary. As long as you keep your goals in view, remain on track with your calendar, and reward yourself along the way, you should be just fine.

Human Resource Management in Innovation (New Zealand) Term Paper

Human Resource Management in Innovation (New Zealand) - Term Paper Example Considering that exit of every key employee costs the company up to $1200 NZD, the organization needs to focus on hiring the best staff. The human resource would rather leave a vacancy open than recruit an unfit employee and even spend more time searching for high-caliber employees. Among the acquired employees, the organization also needs to focus on identifying and retaining the talented and outstanding employees, considering that these employees are in high demand by competitors. This is to ensure that employees who make real difference with regards to performance of the organization are retained (Taylor and Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, 2002, p.11). The human resource also needs to redesign the orientation program for new staff and ensure recruitment of right persons with the right attitudes and expectations. This is in consideration of the fact that many employees have left due to their belief that the company presented unprofessional old-fashioned image. Many organizations face highest staff attrition rates within the first few months after recruitment. Employees’ first experience with organizations should be positive to enable quick assimilation into the organization and to make them feel proud to have been recruited. First impression transforms to staff morale, which is a major factor that contributes high to staff turnover rates (Bittel and Newstrom, 1992, p.181). The company should seek to improve wages and benefits to employees considering that high rates of staff attrition have resulted from low wages and general benefits to employees. The company needs to allocate more funds to match wages to employees and benefi ts with market rates. Market-based compensation aspects are tied to the recommendations that, instead of making compensation comparisons within the industry alone, the human resources should undertake comparisons with specific competitor markets such as Australia, which absorbs approximately 3500 employees from the New Zealand employment market every month. Skills are not only transferable in industries but also across industries and markets and industries. Compensation and equity of a company needs to be comparable with competitor market rates since unreasonable negative deviation from markets rates would drive away existing employees. Among compensation issues, equity is a vital issue that needs to be balanced with regards to long existing staff and currently hired staff. Long existing staff have the propensity of leaving employment incase incoming staff are paid more proportionally. In addition to market rates compensation and equity, incentives plan such as milestone bonuses and performance awards provide employees with something to anticipate and work hard for.

An article for the Australasian Journal of Early Childhood (AJEC) Assignment

An article for the Australasian Journal of Early Childhood (AJEC) - Assignment Example Teachers in these environments have the opportunity to use action research as a method of improving the interaction of students to the environment in the context of independent study. Figure 1: Children Engaging the Natural Environment in a Forest School (Cummings, 2010) Creating Quality Learning Environments Logan, Press, and Sumsion (2012) discuss the idea of discourses and gazes as ways of creating a discussion about policy and defining quality. Discourses involve the literature and communications in which the construction of human social interaction is framed and formed, taking from basic policy the cues on how to behave as prescribed by society. The gaze is a way in which to form philosophy through grouping different discourses together and seeing the world through a specific lens. The philosophies that are central to encouraging sustainability and environmental responsibility are enhanced through the use of discourses and gaze. ... st is that they have a strong sense of identity through feeling secure in their world and the second in that they learn how to effectively communicate. Forest schools use a constructivist approach to learning as they are concerned with the processes through which children will learn through constructing their own learning experiences. The three aspects used in the Forest Schools are: using the forest as a context for learning, using materials from the forest for learning, and the use of the five senses as well as building on their natural curiosity in order to construct learning (Cumming, 2010). The process of learning transforms into increased effectiveness of defining their sense of self within the context of identity and within the context of the world environment. Action Research The concept of action research as a means of self critique and transformation provides for creating new and better worlds as time passes. MacNaughton and Smith (2001) discuss action research in relations hip with post-modernism in which there is a pursuit of ‘truth’. Through techniques of action research, teachers are continually improving their influence in the classroom by using what they learn in their practice to transform their means of communication and influence. The truth becomes an organic form of learning in which discovery by students and teachers allow for constant improvement and change. Figure 2: Teachers in a Forest School (Forest Education Initiative, 2013) Action research can help to transform a number of different areas in practice, but in learning to create philosophies about the world and influence the socialization of children a professional is helping to shape the future through beliefs and traditions that can influence a lifetime. Literature from the Lady Gowrie

Modern Risk Analysis Based on PRA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modern Risk Analysis Based on PRA - Essay Example This risk assessment leads to an output of ranging risks prior to the experiences of the receptors. Proper probabilistic risk assessments require adequate description of the input parameters. For this to happen, it requires that distributional data be available and further be adequate in describing the already identified input parameters. PRA purely employs probability and probability distributions in the characteristic analysis. Probability denotes the chances of occurrence of an uncertain phenomenon. The uncertainty constitutes occurrence of risk. Through PRA, risk assessments can be carried out and the levels of risk therein identified. Use of probability in the assessments of risk can be used in the understanding, quantifying and management of risk. Such a process can further be analysed in relation to the limitations of quantifying risk using probability. Reasons why probability is chosen as opposed to other measures of uncertainty Probability quantifies the description of level s of risk, characterized by the aspect of uncertainty or variability associated with risk estimates. Risk therefore becomes comprehensively characterized by using probability, which would not be the case when point estimate measure of risk is used (UKOOA, 2006, pg. 134). This feature therefore makes probability a better measure of risk than the point estimate method. Quantitative analysis of risk allows for diverse treatment of uncertainty variables used in the determination of underlying risks prior to the probability of occurrence of the identified risks. Risk management requires the use of flexible tools of analysis as well as availability of vast information in regard to what is being accounted for. In this regard, probability becomes the best measure of uncertainty. Uncertainty constitutes risks, and it is the risks that risk managers ought to address. Probability allows for flexibility in the analysis and treatment of variables in the probability equation (U.S. Environmental P rotection Agency, 2005, pg. 78-79). Following this, a large volume of information can be derived, thereby allowing risk managers to make choices among alternatives. Other measures of uncertainty do not provide for flexibility and variant information, making risk managers fixed to the choices they make or to the scope that they can manage risks using such measures as a baseline. Managers need to assess and evaluate high-end risks, and the best gateway to succeeding in that is using probability in measuring levels of risk. Limitations of quantitative approach to risk The quantitative approach to risk is time consuming. It is procedural and treatment and analysis of variables require adequate time. Step by step consideration of variables is necessary in order to ensure that each and every aspect that constitutes risks is identified and accounted for (Stern and Fineberg, 1996, pg. 157). This process is characterized by huge requirement of resources. Adequate resources need to be pulled into place. Finances are required at every step of the quantification process. Gathering data and information is expensive. The management should be aware of these requirements before such an approach to risk is adopted. In order to come to a critical and fundamental understanding of the risks through the quantification approach all required information should first be in place. Data collection, cleaning, editing, analysis and reporting require that enough resources be allocated for the purposes.

Usage of Magic and Supernatural Elements in Childrens Literature Research Paper

Usage of Magic and Supernatural Elements in Childrens Literature - Research Paper Example Women began to slowly make their voices heard as an oppressed gender and philosophers were beginning to gain a greater understanding of the workings of the human mind. The child, often considered either a sinful and wild creature or a miniature adult, was beginning to be recognized as something still developing. There was a â€Å"veritable explosion of information about this period of physiological and cognitive development in human beings† and literature became â€Å"a central vehicle for expressing ideas about the self and its history† (Steedman 5). Although perhaps initially introduced as a means of breaking with the strict moralistic attitudes of the past, the use of magic and the world of the supernatural proved effective in teaching children in a way they could understand. Breaking from the ‘normal’ world with the introduction of the supernatural or the magical realm makes it possible for authors to personify various behaviors, values and character traits and thus give children more accessible avenues to complex concepts in keeping with their varying levels of understanding. Cognitive ability begins with birth, but improves upon skills acquired during the preschool years to apply to things outside of the self. There are four main categories of skills developed during this period (Santrock 1997). The first of these are self help skills in which the child learns to take care of their everyday needs such as dressing themselves. They also learn social help skills in which they begin to perceive the importance of helping others through activities such as household chores and demonstrating their ability to think outside of themselves. School skills are introduced in which the child learns the academic tools necessary for success in that arena, particularly in developing the analytical skills necessary for logic and mathematics. The final main category is play skills, in which the child

Anti Jerk Control Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Engineering Essay

Anti Jerk Control Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Engineering Essay This interim report consists of three chapters explaining the initial study and research into anti jerk control of hybrid electric vehicles. This project aims at electrification of anti-jerk control in hybrid vehicles by using the hybrid vehicle electric motor to damp these oscillations and to analyze its effect on fuel consumption, comfort and sportiness of the vehicle and then to compare the results with fuelling only method. This project will also include studying the impact of passive damping with DMF in these vehicles. As a part of this project, a model of a hybrid diesel engine driveline with DMF will be developed using Simulation X and an active feedback control for an electric motor will be designed to permit active damping of these oscillations. The results obtained from simulating the drivelines modeled using Simulation X will be observed for driveline vibrations with respect to the frequency range and also the range in which the jerking frequencies affect the passengers inside the vehicle so as to concentrate on it specifically leading to maximum reduction in jerking of driveline. The models so developed will then subjected to design modifications and investigation in accordance with the control strategies developed and affect of the same will be observed on all the drive train models with level of jerk control achieved. Finally Suggestions will be made on effect of electric motor on hybrid drive train in damping the driveline oscillations, fuel consumption and sportiness of the vehicle also comparing it with the conventional drive train models. Introduction In the age of technology where everyone is concentrating on improving the products by bringing in sophisticated technologies from cars to airplanes, we as human beings neglected the environment factor over the years. 20th century was called an industrial age and much technological advancement have been made in this era which revolutionized the whole world. One of the industries which is closely related to connect our daily life are automobiles. Automobiles have grown rapidly over the years with stiff competition among automotive manufacturers across the world. As the time passed by people become more demanding with their interests widening the automotive market and also the fact that automotive majors started delivering those demands. These technological improvements along with human comfort factors all of us forgot about the effect on environment. The number of vehicles on roads grew exponentially and consumption figures of petrol and diesel across the world increased drastically sending out alarm bells to search for alternate fuel technologies as the conventional petrol diesel were not only running out from their existence but also affecting the environment leading to considerable amount of CO2 emissions and further contributing to global warming. This future problem opened up opportunities for research in alternative fuel technologies leading to the development of Hybrid vehicles, Fuel cell technologies Hydrogen fuelled cars. Few of the alternate fuel vehicles are Toyota Prius hybrid, Honda Civic hybrid, Honda Insight etc which have received good response in the market in terms of performance as well as in reducing CO2 emissions and have successfully proved their presence in the market with their selling volumes and fuel savings. On a smaller level, these developments lead to further research in areas like DC/AC motors, fuel cells, battery pack technology, advanced controller design, power optimization and new concepts which can be used as alternate fuels. Problem Definition Commonly in every engine driven system issue of noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) comes along with it. Automotive manufacturers have always tried to maintain healthy comfort to performance ratio so as to attain maximum customer satisfaction. With respect to comfort of driving, the manufacturers main aims are to provide vibration free driving pleasure as much as possible and the same applied to hybrid electric vehicles. One such area of concern in drive line jerking which affects the overall drivability. Jerking is a kind of driveline oscillations which occurs due to excitation caused by sudden or huge variation in engine torque or driveline load. These excitations cause because of torsional vibration of drive train at high engine torques leading to unwanted longitudinal oscillations of passenger compartment which reduces the riding comfort and drivability. These oscillations have tendency to occur at low engine speeds which are experienced as unpleasant jerking effect by the drive r. Due to the fact diesel engines produce high torque at low engine speeds, makes these engines more prone to this problem. The area of concentration under this case is vibration frequencies ranging between 2- 10 Hz as human body is sensitive towards this frequency range causing unpleasant driving experience. These driveline oscillations majorly occur during tip in and tip out conditions. In conventional diesel engine vehicles methods like active control of fuel injection into engine and passive element such as dual mass flywheel are used to permit feed forward active as well as passive damping of these unpleasant oscillations in idle, tip-in/tip out and coast conditions. To achieve minimal amount of driveline oscillations, vehicle manufacturers have to compromise between comfort and performance of the vehicle. In diesel hybrids, the jerking can be controlled by varying fuel injection and electric motor torque control and also passively by an additional dual mass flywheel (DMF). Aims Objectives The aims and objectives of this project are: To develop a model with three different configurations of powertrain using Simulation X those are: Conventional diesel engine, Conventional diesel engine with DMF and finally hybrid power train with DMF. To study the effects of jerk in each individual power train configuration before developing the control strategy for anti jerk control. To electrify the anti jerk control in hybrid vehicles by using Crankshaft integrated stator/generator to damp the oscillations. To analyze the effect on fuel consumption, comfort and sportiness of the vehicle. To compare the results with conventional fuel control method. Literature Review Hybrid Electric Vehicles Hybrid Electric Vehicle is the one which uses two or more sources of energy to propel the vehicle which consists of an internal combustion engine and electric motor power by batteries. Hybrid vehicles are of various types such as series hybrid, parallel hybrid and combination of series parallel and based on their hybridization factor they are categorized into micro, mild and full hybrids. Figure 1, below shows the typical power split type power train. Generally, hybrid power trains are costly to build due to its complexity but the costs are paid off against the running costs due to improved fuel efficiency. Regenerative braking plays an important role in conserving energy by charging the battery pack. Figure : Showing a Power Split Hybrid Powertrain Types of Hybrid vehicles based on drive train structure Parallel Hybrid In parallel hybrid vehicles, there are two parallel ways for transmitting power to the wheels of the vehicle; those are by engine and by electric drive, as shown in below figure 2. The transmission is coupled with the motor/generator and the engine, allowing either, or both, to power the wheels. Control architecture of parallel hybrid vehicles is more complex compared to a series hybrid due to the requirement of efficient coupling of the motor/generator and engine so as to maintain optimum drivability and performance. Figure : Parallel Hybrid Powertrain Operating modes available in parallel hybrid vehicles are: Engine only traction Electric only traction Hybrid traction Regenerative braking Series Hybrid In series hybrid there is only one way for transmitting power to the wheels of the vehicle, but consists two energy sources. As shown in figure 3, the conventional engine is coupled to a generator for charging the battery pack which provides electrical energy to a motor/generator to power the wheels via transmission. The motor/generator can also be used for recharging the battery during braking and deceleration. Figure : Series Hybrid Power train Operating modes available in series hybrid vehicles are: Electric only traction Electric traction battery charging Battery charging and no traction Regenerative braking Series-Parallel (combined) Hybrid electric vehicles A Series-Parallel (combined) hybrid vehicle has both the aspects Series and Parallel energy transfer paths. As shown in figure 5, a system consisting of motors and/or generators consisting of a gearing or power split device allows the engine to recharge the battery. Changes in this power train configuration can range from simple to very complex type depending on the number of motors /generators and their working terminology. These configurations can be called as Complex hybrids (such as the Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrids), Split-Parallel hybrids, or Power-Split hybrids. Figure : Series-Parallel (Combined) Hybrid Power train Driveline Jerking Driveline jerking also called as driveline oscillations can occur due to many different factors such as load changes, gear shifting and also the condition of the road. In recent times, direct injection diesel engines with extensive refinement of components and significant weight reduction in driveline lead to the problem of driveline jerking. Also with advancement in diesel engine technology over the years, output torque of these diesel engines has risen tremendously for passenger cars effecting the comfort and drivability. The problem with high engine torque is, it causes torsion of driveline due to the gear ratios of the final drive causing the torsion at drive shafts which in turn causes whole power train to oscillate with combined effect of vehicle jerking. Figure 5, shown below show the measurements on a test car caused by tip in behavior in which driver suddenly steps on the throttle combined with high torque gradient and tip out condition, the back out maneuver. Figure : Engine torque and engine speed for tip in and tip out maneuvers. Though the oscillations caused by engine speed are somewhat absorbed by engine mounts but the oscillations due to wheel speed is responsible for horizontal vibrations of the vehicles longitudinal acceleration affecting the performance of the vehicle which is experienced directly by passengers. To restrain these oscillations affecting the comfort and drivabilityfor the passengers, damping of these driveline oscillations is necessary which is referred to as Anti Jerk Control. The oscillations leading to power train jerking in conventional power train can be categorized by the Eigen frequencies of following driveline components: Torsion of shafts causes pitching and jerking due to suspension system, mass of the vehicle and damping. The range of frequency for this cause lies between 2 5 Hz. Also, we know that the natural frequency of the vehicle with respect to pitch motion is lies between 1 2.5 Hz. The frequency of oscillations caused by engine movement and mounts lies in the range of 15 200 Hz. The vibration due to gearbox assembly lies in the frequency range of 50-80 Hz. There are oscillation depending upon the type of engine, no. of cylinders, engine speed and also the combustion process shown in below figure Table : showcasing different engine types and their Eigen frequencies Engine Type Multiples of Eigen Frequency 4-Cylinder ,R4, 4-Stroke 2,4,6,8,10 6-Cylinder,R4, 4-stroke 3,6,9 6-Cylinder,V60,4-Stroke 1,5, 3, 4,5, 6, 7,5, 9 6-Cylinder,V90,4-Stroke 1,5, 3, 4,5, 7,5, 9 12-Cylinder, V60, 4-Stroke 6,12 From the above categorization of the components and their respective Eigen frequencies, the main aim is to narrow down on the components leading to vibrations which are felt by passengers majorly and to minimize the level of vibrations by designing model based predictive control strategy while retaining the performance of the vehicle as much as possible. Hybrid Vehicle Design The power train which has been considered for testing the jerking behavior and the anti jerk control strategy to be designed is shown in the below figure 6. This power train is one of the possible hybrid vehicle architecture consisting of I.C engine, CISG (Crankshaft Integrated Starter/ Generator), Dual Mass Flywheel (DMF), Clutch, Gearbox assembly , High voltage battery pack and power electronics. Figure : Hybrid Vehicle architecture In operation, at lower rpm the vehicle acts as pure electric vehicle powered by the on board battery pack and at higher rpm, both electric drive and I.C engine together produce required power by the vehicle. The percentage of power transmission sharing to propel the vehicle plays an important role in determining fuel efficiency. Design Considerations The components and factors which play important role in hybrid electric vehicle design shown in figure 6 are: Engine design and selection: The I.C engine as in conventional power train plays an important role in hybrid vehicles. Generally, engines designed for hybrid vehicles are smaller in size compared to conventional vehicles. Though the design selection of the engine is completely based on the power requirements of the vehicle. Crankshaft integrated starter/generator (CISG): The starter/generator is device which is controlled electronically. It combines both the functions of a conventional starter and generator into a one single unit. The motive of single CISG unit is replacing the starter as a single entity which is passive in nature; need to replace the old fashioned belt and pulley type connection between the alternator the engine. Also to replace the modern day rotor wound alternators with slip rings and brushes. The integrated starter/generator works as a bi-directional device which converts electrical energy to mechanical work and vice versa. As a electric motor, it assists in starting the I.C engine without any noise and also much quicker than conventional starter. As a generator it produces power required for electrical components of the vehicle and is also used to charge the batteries. Commonly integrated starter/generator is placed between engine and gearbox assembly. The main operating features of ISG are it enables stat/stop, onboard power generation and acts as power assist when required. Figure : Integrated Starter / Generator. Dual Mass Flywheel (DMF): Dual mass flywheel consists of two flywheels connected by long arc travel springs located between I.C engine and clutch or transmission. The first DMF was introduced for the automotive industry in 1985. At that time non lubricated dampers were used consisting of heavy springs which were problematic. Then there was breakthrough in the DMF technology and arc spring type dampers was introduced in 1989 solving almost all the problems which were caused by DMF earlier. Due to the high cost of this product not everyone was interested but was used in large vehicles. Though DMF is a passive driveline element, it has been proven that DMF reduces torsional vibrations to certain extent and plays an important role in anti jerk control of hybrid vehicles also. The operating performance of DMF can be characterized by the spring rate and its damping characteristics. The dual mass flywheel consists of following important characteristics: Primary and secondary inertias. The torsion damper rate. And the damping characteristic. Advantages of using DMF in conventional power train are: Segregation of torsional vibrations: we know that, torsional vibrations are caused by torque fluctuations. A vehicle is a kind of vibrating system with all the components like engine, transmission, drive shafts etc all contributing to the cause. Below figure 8, shows the simple driveline model so as to observe vibration behaviour. In this case engine and transmission are supposed as rotating inertia connected by springs. The spring C2 represents the spring damper characteristics and spring C3 showing the stiffness of the drive train. Figure : Drive train with vibration modes. Figure 9 shown below depicts the fluctuations in vehicle speed and in this case damped resonance occurs at around 1700 rpm. The main aim of DMF is to sideline the vibrations occurring from the engine as far as possible from the rest of the driveline components. Also the figure compares the difference between the extents of vibrations in a conventional drive train compared to one fitted with dual mass flywheel. Dual mass flywheel efficiently reduces the engine vibrations and reduces gear rattle, helps in saving the fuel consumption and also improves driving comfort. Figure : Comparison of vibration damping in a conventional drive train to the one with DMF Transmission assistance: As DMF is said to reduce the engine vibrations, it has positive effect on the transmission system as the stress induced will be significantly less compared to a compared drive line increasing the transmission efficiency and cycle life. Crank shaft assistance: In a conventional power train, we know that flywheel and clutch are connected to engine crankshaft rigidly and due to the inertia of the flywheel high reaction forces are developed on the crankshaft. But in case of DMF, the secondary flywheel can be neglected for bending load case as it connected loosely to the primary flywheel by torsional damper and roller bearings which practically dont allow high transferable reactive forces. The primary flywheel is significantly lighter in weight, more elastic in nature compared to conventional flywheel. Battery pack design and selection: The main criteria in battery design and selection depend upon the capacity, the output characteristics based on type of battery pack to be used, cycle life, cost, scope of reusability and whether recyclable on not. The size and weight of the battery pack depends on the capacity requirement. If capacity is high, more will be size and weight of the battery pack. In fact, battery pack design plays a very important role as the performance of the vehicle is dependent on the overall weight of the vehicle. In case battery pack is heavier, this would have direct impact on the power consumed to propel the vehicle which is set to rise with increase in battery weight and will also reduce the operating range of the vehicle. Figure : Typical Battery pack arrangement Electric Motor: Generally AC, DC and PMDC electric motors are used in hybrid vehicle depending upon the requirement and usage. In automotive industry, certain motor specifications are not acceptable due to their inability to meet the specific requirements such as power rating at peak load conditions, continuous power supply, volumetric power density, cost, efficiency, weight, lifetime, level of protection against water and dust. Gear box assembly: In hybrid vehicles, mostly a power splitter device is used which is consists of planetary gear set allowing power flow from two power generating sources to propel the vehicle. The I.C engine is generally connected to Sun gear while electric motor is connected to the planet gear. Clutch: It is found in every vehicle with manual gearbox. Though the use of clutch varies from one hybrid drive train to another depending the gearbox being used as most of the hybrid power trains use automatic transmission which dont require clutch. The main purpose of clutch is to assist the vehicle starting off from stand still position as it compensates for the speed difference between engine and the driveline and slips on to synchronize both. Clutch also used to engage and disengages engine from the transmission while gear shifting takes place. Modelling Approach Procedure of work Power train jerking in hybrid vehicles is majorly due to engine electric motor torque changes during tip in and tips out operations. For investigating the problem of jerking for a hybrid vehicle, certain steps have been laid out for modeling the power train in five different steps which are in below figure 9 to observe and analyze each case individually with root cause: Figure : Modelling Procedure Basic Driveline Equations Engine: The engine output torque is expressed by the driving torque (Te) generated from combustion , friction torque (Tfric,e) and the external load from clutch (Tc) .By Newtons second law of motion, we can achieve the following model: Where Je is the mass of inertia of the engine, is the crank angular acceleration. Clutch: Generally a friction type clutch is installed in vehicles with manual transmission connecting to the engine flywheel and input shaft of the transmission. During clutch engagement if we assume no internal friction, Tc = Tt can be obtained. Then the torque transmitted is function of angular difference (ÃŽÂ ±cs ÃŽÂ ±c) and angular velocity difference ( ) resulting in: Figure : vehicle driveline with corresponding angle and torque labels. Transmission: A transmission consists of a gear set each with a different operating ratio it leading to relation between input and output torque Where Tp is the transmission output and Tfric is the internal friction torque of the transmission. Propeller shaft: The shaft which connects the transmissions output to the final drive unit in which no friction is assumed which gives us Tp = Tf , resulting in model for torque input to final drive Final Drive: final drive can be considered as a final ratio if as for the transmission leading to input and output torque relation Drive Shafts: The shafts which connect wheels to the final drive are called drive shafts. It can be assumed that both the wheels are rotating at same speed ( ). Ignoring the vehicle dynamics, the wheel speed shall be equal to speed of vehicle bodys centre of gravity. Therefore, drive shafts can be modelled as one shaft. Wheels: The forces acting on a vehicle with mass (m) and velocity (v) the longitudinal forces (FL)acting on the vehicle gives Rolling resistance (Rr) = f*m*g and Aerodynamic drag (Ra) =1/2*Af*Cd*à Ã‚ *V2. Where, m=mass of the vehicle, g=gravity constant, f=0.015(co-efficient of rolling resistance), Rr=rolling resistance, Ra=aerodynamic drag, Af=cross sectional area, Cd=coefficient of drag, density (à Ã‚ ), V=velocity. The drive line model can be expressed as a system consisting of rotating lumped inertias, compliances, damping losses, input torque and loads acting due to environmental resistive forces. A simple 2 degree of freedom model (fig 10) is sufficient to show the first torsional mode of vibrations which lead to jerking of vehicle. Figure : Free body diagram of a conventional driveline Where, Teng = engine torque, road load = Tload , e = engine speed, v = vehicle speed, Je = mass moment of inertia, be = viscous friction, r = final drive ratio, Ks CS = drive shafts flexibility, Cw = damper, vehicle inertia = Jv. Hybrid Power train Model As discussed earlier in report, the hybrid power train consists of additional components compared to conventional type which include electric motor, batteries, power electronics which form together the electric drive unit of the vehicle. Engine: Engine in hybrid power train plays a very important role in terms of fuel savings and vehicle assist. An engine model to be used for hybrid power train must be considered for following issues: The engine model must produce desired torque output irrespective of operating conditions. The engines dynamic behaviour leading to torque fluctuations generates drive line vibrations which in turn affects the driver comfort. As engine is not quick enough to respond to control actions implemented externally, the response delay can have significant affect on the vehicles performance. Engine can be modeled in many different ways depending upon the level of complexity required and the availability of parameters which can later be used for validating the inputs. The basic equation of engine model has been already discussed earlier which can be applied for the hybrid power train model also. Electric Motor/ Controller: The electric traction motor and controller consume the power from the onboard energy storage device like battery to provide the power source so as to generate the required torque for vehicle propulsion. The electric motor can also be used as starter/alternator or as a generator to recover energy during braking which can be used to charge batteries. The traction motor model can be described by following equations: Where idr , iqr are d,q axis rotor current respectively; ids ,iqs are d, q axis primary current respectively; Lm, is mutual inductance; Lr , LJ are resolved rotor, stator inductance respectively; P are poles; Rr, Rs are resolved rotor, stator resistance respectively, ohms; Vds Vqs are d, q axis primary voltage respectively, V; ÃŽÂ »dr and ÃŽÂ »qr are d, q axis rotor equivalent flux respectively, V-sec; ÃŽÂ »ds and ÃŽÂ »qs are d,q axis stator equivalent flux respectively, V-sec; à Ã¢â‚¬ °e is synchronous frequency, rps ; à Ã¢â‚¬ °r is rotor frequency, rps; , is rotor acceleration, rps2; Ts is electric motor torque, Nm. The limiting torque of the motor can be expressed by: Where à Ã¢â‚¬ °b, is motor base speed, rpm; à Ã¢â‚¬ °m is mechanical motor speed, rpm; Prated is the rater motor power, hp; Trated is the rated motor torque, Nm; Tm is mechanical motor torque, Nm. In addition to this, equations of motion for DC electric machine are: Where is the torque output of the machine proportional to the armature current, e is the back emf of the machine is proportional to the velocity of the rotor Drive Shaft: The drive shaft plays very important role in the drive train for transmitting the torque and rotation. They are subjected high torsion and shear stresses and therefore must have must have high stiffness. Below shown in the drive modelled using lumped inertias and their corresponding basic equations TDS =KDS (ÃŽÂ ¸T ÃŽÂ ¸W) + CDS (T W) Wheels: The forces acting on a vehicle with mass (m) and velocity (v) the longitudinal forces (Fe)acting on the vehicle gives Stationary model of the vehicle assuming all forces act through the centre of gravity and only in longitudinal direction. Gears: Assuming no losses in transmission the basic equation for gearing is But in reality there are viscous losses, sealing bearings drag contact friction. Losses vary with gear change but can be modelled as a loss torque tl acting on the transmission input shaft there can be shown as: Capacitor: It is device which stores energy an can be modelled by current equation Battery: Batteries are characterized by energy density, C-rating, cycle life, thermal run away and variations in temperature. Table below shows the comparison among different types of batteries with their technical specifications available in the market for HEV applications Property Lead Acid NiMH Lithium Cell Voltage Volts 2 1.2 3.6 Energy Density WH/Kg 30-40 50-80 100-200 Power Density W/Kg 100-200 100-500 500-8000 Maximum Discharge Rate 6 -10C 15C 100C Useful Capacity DOD% 50 50-80 80 Charge Efficiency % 60-80 70-90 ~100 Self Discharge %/Month 3-4 30 2-10 Temperature Range  °C -40 +60 -30 +60 -40 +60 Cycle Life Cycles 600-900 >1000 >2000 Micro-cycle Tolerant Deteriorates Yes Yes Robust (Over/Under Voltage) Yes Yes Needs BMS Cost per kWH  £100  £170  £150 Target A basic battery model might include an open circuit voltage and internal resistance Rc and Rd SOC Calculation: SOCic = initial SOC of the battery (assume 1; fully charged) Ibat = battery current that can be both positive and negative Qbat = battery capacity (Ah), needs converting to A.s for the simulation Simulation Tool Simulation X Simulation X is a multi domain program for modeling and simulation created by ITI GmbH. Some of its main features and capabilities are: Enables high level modelling platform for complex systems. Integrated with CAE design tool Over 30 standard industry specific libraries including automotive. Development of user specific libraries based on standard ones. Object oriented modelling language for simple and efficient modelling. Implementation of user based C code through external sources. Provides interface between various software available in market such as MATLAB/Simulink etc. Analysis tools available in Simulation X are: Transient Simulation: Capable of computing linear and non-linear models in the time domain. Steady State Simulation: Analyzing the models in periodic steady state condition dependent on a specific reference value. Linear System Analysis (Natural frequencies and mode shapes) : Efficiently generates damped and un damped natural frequencies of the complete system , time constants , eigen vectors, oscillations of state variables related to particular eigen frequencies. Linear System Analysis (Input Output Analysis): Enables linearization in the current operating point , analysis, export of state space matrices Modelling in Simulation X The vehicle type selected for the analysis of jerking and its effects is a sport utility vehicle (SUV) powered by a diesel engine shown earlier in figure 6 consisting a conventional diesel engine with crankshaft integrated starter generator (CISG), a DMF, a transmission gear box, a clutch between the transmission and the DMF, differential as a part of conventional power train and high voltage battery pack with power electronics on board as electric drive unit for the vehicle. Creating simulation models for hybrid power train requires various components of power train such as mechanics, hydraulics, electronics and pneumatics including the control aspects involved.

Crime, Violence and Masculinity Essays -- essays research papers fc

Can the nation-state and culture combine forces to reduce interpersonal violence in the West?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Violence is a difficult term to define, but for the purposes of this assignment violence can be defined as a crime or the threat to commit a crime by one person upon another person, and that usually that has negative physical or emotional effects upon the victim. Violence in Western society has been increasing steadily and has become a major concern for many nations. Increasingly, much of the violence is committed by male children and teenagers. Crimes by young people are no longer just misdemeanors, but they now include the major felonies of rape, robbery and homicide. The rise in violent crime in the last few decades has been accompanied by a rise in violence in the media, especially television, movies and music. To protect society, the US government must impose regulations on these media outlets so that audiences are not subjected to too much gratuitous violence that may influence them to commit such acts of violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Much of Western society’s contemporary behavior is influenced by popular culture, usually by such media outlets as television, movies and music. Arguments exist today concerning the amount of responsibility that the media has to portray such violent crimes as unacceptable. The most popular of such beliefs is one that argues that the media is currently romanticizing the use of violence to gain an audience. Proponents of such an argument claim that if the media displays violence in a less glamorous way, interpersonal violence can be reduced. For this to happen, the nation-state must play the important role of regulating how much and what types of violence media sources can show, and to which audiences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some people, mostly men, enjoy viewing or hearing about acts of violence. Some even find it exciting to participate, on one level or another, in violent acts. Television programs, movies and music capitalize on this fact by showing or describing gratuitous acts of violence. Even news programs see the importance in covering violent interpersonal crimes in their broadcasts to gain high ratings. Western society is interested in conflict, and enjoys being a third party audience to such violence. The problem with this is that by consuming too much violence through th... ...duce more violent behavior from their audiences. The governments of the Western world cannot altogether prohibit the media from showing violence to their citizens, but they can impose more strict limitations on the amount of violence shown and to which audiences. More mature audiences can handle violent content better than younger, more impressionable audiences. Bibliography American Psychological Association Website www.apa.org/journals/xap/xap44291.html Anderson Ph.D., Craig â€Å"Exposure to Violent Media: The Effects of Songs with Violent   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lyrics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  on Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings† Iowa State University. Texas   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Department of Human Services; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vol. 84, No. 5. Egger, S. Violence and Masculinity: A Commentary Huston, A.C., et al 1992 Big World, Small Screen: The Role of Television in American   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Society. Lincoln Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press Strang, H. 1992, Homicides in Australia 1990-1991, Australian Institute of Criminology,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Canberra. Crime, Violence and Masculinity Essays -- essays research papers fc Can the nation-state and culture combine forces to reduce interpersonal violence in the West?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Violence is a difficult term to define, but for the purposes of this assignment violence can be defined as a crime or the threat to commit a crime by one person upon another person, and that usually that has negative physical or emotional effects upon the victim. Violence in Western society has been increasing steadily and has become a major concern for many nations. Increasingly, much of the violence is committed by male children and teenagers. Crimes by young people are no longer just misdemeanors, but they now include the major felonies of rape, robbery and homicide. The rise in violent crime in the last few decades has been accompanied by a rise in violence in the media, especially television, movies and music. To protect society, the US government must impose regulations on these media outlets so that audiences are not subjected to too much gratuitous violence that may influence them to commit such acts of violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Much of Western society’s contemporary behavior is influenced by popular culture, usually by such media outlets as television, movies and music. Arguments exist today concerning the amount of responsibility that the media has to portray such violent crimes as unacceptable. The most popular of such beliefs is one that argues that the media is currently romanticizing the use of violence to gain an audience. Proponents of such an argument claim that if the media displays violence in a less glamorous way, interpersonal violence can be reduced. For this to happen, the nation-state must play the important role of regulating how much and what types of violence media sources can show, and to which audiences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some people, mostly men, enjoy viewing or hearing about acts of violence. Some even find it exciting to participate, on one level or another, in violent acts. Television programs, movies and music capitalize on this fact by showing or describing gratuitous acts of violence. Even news programs see the importance in covering violent interpersonal crimes in their broadcasts to gain high ratings. Western society is interested in conflict, and enjoys being a third party audience to such violence. The problem with this is that by consuming too much violence through th... ...duce more violent behavior from their audiences. The governments of the Western world cannot altogether prohibit the media from showing violence to their citizens, but they can impose more strict limitations on the amount of violence shown and to which audiences. More mature audiences can handle violent content better than younger, more impressionable audiences. Bibliography American Psychological Association Website www.apa.org/journals/xap/xap44291.html Anderson Ph.D., Craig â€Å"Exposure to Violent Media: The Effects of Songs with Violent   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lyrics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  on Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings† Iowa State University. Texas   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Department of Human Services; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vol. 84, No. 5. Egger, S. Violence and Masculinity: A Commentary Huston, A.C., et al 1992 Big World, Small Screen: The Role of Television in American   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Society. Lincoln Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press Strang, H. 1992, Homicides in Australia 1990-1991, Australian Institute of Criminology,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Canberra.

Historical Foundations in the Field of Psychology Essay

Abstract This final assignment is a reflective paper in which the historical, philosophical, and empirical foundations of the field of learning in psychology and its applications will be discussed. Additionally, there will be a discussion of the ways that history has helped to shape important contemporary learning theories and issues. Lastly, the paper will provide an explanation of how specific topics and information such as instrumental conditioning techniques and the usefulness of different learning styles may impact my personal and professional life and how the different aspects of the ield of learning have added value to my body of knowledge as a student and future professional in the field of psychology. Historical Foundations Of the Field of Learning & Shaping Important Contemporary Issues It is a natural course of action for the field of learning to fall under the umbrella of the field of psychology. A branch of philosophy and science, the field of learning, Just as the field of psychology, was created through the movements of empiricism and rationalism, along with the development of evolution theory (Terry, 2009). These movements fostered interest in scientific investigation thus giving way to pistemology, which means, theory of knowledge. Questions concerning nature and nurture sparked interest in how we came to have knowledge, which is the main tenet of the field of learning (Terry, 2009). In the field of psychology, the learning theories provide a way to explain how we learn and attain knowledge; how we think. While philosophers agreed with the basic definition of knowledge and learning, which is defined as the acquisition of knowledge, their opinions varied in how acquisition occurs (Terry, 2009). Descartes suggested that although we learn, other sources of knowledge exist. He introduced the ideas of nativism and rationalism. He proposed that we have innate knowledge of our ideas of God, infinity, and perfecton (Terry, 2009). Also, that other knowledge is derived by a reasoning, logical, and intuiting mind (Terry, 2009). Additioally, this knowledge is present and independent of particular experiences with the world (Terry, 2009). Therefore, he believed in the process of learning, but he didn’t believe that all knowledge had to be learned. However, John Locke introduced the idea that knowledge is actually learned through our experiences, and through use of our senses, which is the idea of empiricism (Terry, 2009). This phenomenon is later known as cause and effect. The ideas of Descartes and Locke influenced researchers toward an empirical view of learning through seeking out how knowledge is acquired through what is experienced in the environment. This gave way to the scientific methods of association learning, conditioning, and verbal learning (Terry, 2009). Each of the historical thoughts on learning is continuous and useful in some way today. There are modern theories that have built upon the ideas of conditioning and behavior modifications, etc. One (2006), provide a modern approach to treating phobias, as well as other anxiety isorders. Their research starts with the traditional premise that what can be learned can be unlearned, and possibly prevented (Mineka ; Zinbarg, 2006). However, they support modern criticism that traditional learning approaches do not adequately account for the diverse factors involved in the origins of people’s anxieties. To support this claim they provide an example of two clients with phobias of dogs. The phobias were developed due to experiencing attacks by dogs. The first client actually was out walking her pet dog when she was attacked and later developed an infection due to the bite. However, the second client only experienced her clothes being torn before the owner was able to grab the dog before any serious injury occurred, although both clients developed phobias (Mineka & Zinbarg). They argue that traditional learning approaches do not adeqatly explain why the client that was not bitten developed the phobia as well. Additionally, they provide another concern that traditional views do not explain why many individuals that have had traumatic experiences do not develop phobias. Furthermore, they go on to say that contemporary learning approaches are better grounded in the theories and ethods of experimental psychology, and they provide more comprehensive formulations of the etiology of anxiety disorders. Also, that they provide a more explicit analysis of factors promoting or inhibiting the deeopment of different anziety disorders (Mineka & Zinbarg). With that being said, there have indeed been great advancements in the field of learning and psychology, along with growing technological advances. Learning involves observable changes in behavior; objective evidence, and traditional researchers such as Pavlov, Watson and Skinner have paved the way for providing a scientific foundation for psychology and learning. Psychology is a science because it is objective and quantifiable. Learning and memory themselves are not observed directly; they are processes that occur in the nervous system (Terry, pg. 5, 2009). Therefore, contemporary research has taken advantage of the use of PET scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look at brain functions to explain behaviors ( Raichle, 1994). These modern avenues of research have allowed researchers to become a step closer to relating psychological theory to brain functions and research. For example, todays research may include brain scans and case studies of brain damaged soldiers. Even mor e so, recent research on post traumatic stress disorder examines the use of exposure therapy on preventing the reoccurenc of PTSD (Massad et. l, 2006). This research is most interesting because the researchers examine the understanding of reducing fear responses because associations with the stimuli are not unlearned. Their research concludes that unless exposure treatment regimens are maximized the risk of renewal of PTSD is high (Massad et. al, 2006). Such advances are very important to the quality of life that our existence depends upon. Knowledge is necessary for our daily lives even more so now than ever. This very research can be instrumental in a military soldiers life as we are currently in war time. The topics in the field of learning that have had the most impact on me personally include learned taste aversions and the development of specific phobias For probably will not cause the child to cry. However, through the pairing of the needle with the unpleasant sensation of having a vaccination the sight of the nurser may come to elicit symptoms of fear and anxiety, even if the child is not receiving a vaccination. I personally found this interesting Just because I am a mom and it is interesting to use such information while rearing children. The second type of learning that I found interesting in the behaviorist tradition is instrumental or operant, conditioning. This type of learning requires that an organism operate on the environment to achieve a goal (Terry, 2009). So then, behaviors are learned as a function of the consequences of those behaviors. Of course, this type of reinforcement is useful in the classroom as well as rearing children. Additionally, social learning theory focuses on observational learning, and modeling. Social learning researchers are concerned with how expectations, memory, and awareness influence the learning process (Berk, 2008).